Environmental consequences

Ethanol. Accurate projections of ethanol costs are much more difficult to make than are those for methanol. Large scale ethanol production would impact upon food costs and have important environmental consequences that are rarely cost-analyzed because of the complexity. Furthermore, for corn, the most likely large-scale feedstock, ethanol costs are strongly influenced by the credit assigned to the protein by-product remaining after the starch has been removed and converted to ethanol. 

Evaluations of fuel resources or total fuel supply focus on critical economic and environmental issues as well as existence. These issues include avadabihty, utilisation patterns, environmental consequences, and related economic considerations. 

Future technology developments in paraffin alkylation will be greatly influenced by environmental considerations. The demand for alkylate product will continue to increase because alkylate is one of the most desirable components in modern low emission gasoline formulations. Increased attention will be focused on improving process safety, reducing waste disposal requirements, and limiting the environmental consequences of any process emissions. 

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

The production of reduced products like methane and ammonia by the gut microbial flora has important environmental consequences, as such compounds contribute to the chemical and biological oxygen demand. The detection of dissolved oxygen in the gut of piglets led to tests to show whether methane and other reduced products could be oxidized in the pig gut. The production of C-labelledCOj from C-labelledmethane has been demonstrated however, it is calculated that at most only a very small proportion of methane produced is likely to be oxidized using O 2 as electron acceptor. Methane may also be oxidized anaerobically, but only an extremely small amount of methane is likely to... 

Details of any proposed release of prescribed substances and an assessment of the environmental consequences of emissions. (Eor local authorities air pollution controlled processes this applies only to atmospheric emissions.)... 

Proposals for monitoring the release of such substances and the environmental consequences. 

In general, the environmental consequences resulting from emissions generated by the combustion of treated wood and the chemicals used to treat them are not well understood. Combustion of the materials involved in the incident unquestionably produced hazardous products of incomplete combustion emissions (e.g., dioxins and furans). 

Several tools can be used to evaluate the environmental consequences of an industrial ventilation project. Some of the most common methods used are covered in this chapter. The life cycle assessment tool is considered in detail, as it is a comprehensive and product-oriented approach that is covered by international standardization. Other tools, such as risk assessment, cost-benefit... 

CBA relies heavily on the costs of environmental impacts. Some impacts may be easily expressed in monetary values, like crop loss or even increased morbidity among people. Others, like impact on biodiversity and the depletion of natural resources, are more difficult to describe in terms of monetary values. Large time scales and global impacts also complicate the methodology and confuse the understanding of the results. Some of the environmental consequences of today s activities appear only after several hundred or thousand yeats. Even low interest rates tend to diminish these types of impact, even if they are very large. 

An investigation is required if an incident involving serious safety or environmental consequences or the potential for these consequences occurs. The purpose of such investigation is to learn from mistakes made and provide corrective action. Investigations should be performed by knowledgeable personnel and should produce recormnendations for safer working conditions. 

Environmental consequences of combustion are still a high priority requiring investigation of the chemistry and process effects on the emissions. Effective means of eliminating the pollutants is also a subject of further research. 

Equation 8b is plotted in Fig. 13.14. We see that the concentration of the reactant decreases rapidly at first but then changes more slowly than a first-order reaction with the same initial rate. This slowing down of second-order reactions has important environmental consequences because many pollutants degrade by second-order reactions, they remain at low concentration in the environment for long periods. Equation 8a can be written in the form of a linear equation ... 

DeBano, L.F. Dunn, P.H. Conrad, C.E. In Proceedings ofthe Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems Aug. 1-5,1977, Palo Alto, CA. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Report WO-3 pp 65-74. 

Organisms are involved in many transformations that have important environmental consequences. The activities of microbes are especially... 

Blaha L, J Klanova, P Klan, J Janosek, M Skarek, R Ruzicka (2004) Toxicity increases in ice containing mono-chlorophenols upon photolysis environmental consequences. Environ Sci Technol 38 2873-2878. 

Commercial and Environmental Consequences of Sulfur Recovery in Copper Production Systems, in EPD Congress 1996, G. W. Warren (ed.), pp. 773-1013, TMS, 1995. 

As Einhellig (48) correctly stated, "Unless cooperative research between chemists and physiologists is conducted, we will continue to be left with the notion that an array of simple phenols cannon to a wide array of soils and situations are the major chemical allelopa-thic agents." As for the importance of the chemical identity, Putnam and Duke (17) expressed it very well "after all chemicals are identified, studies can be made on genetics, specificity, environmental influences and environmental consequences."... 

SWECO VIAK AB, 1999. Aquifer Storage for Bo 01, Technical Description and Environmental Consequences, Consultancy report in Swedish, Sweco Viak AB Malmo, 1999-03-15, Commission Number 1240.174.000. 

The geographic distribution of pulp and paper mills varies according to the type of mill. As there are tremendous variations in the scale of individual facilities, tallies of the number of facilities may not represent the level of economic activity (nor possible environmental consequences). Pulp mills are located primarily in regions of the country where trees are harvested from natural stands... 

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