Fuel Management

More detailed guidance on core management and fuel handling can be found in Ref [13], 

Theoretically, 0.03 kg or 357 L of hydrogen (at a pressure of 1 bar and a temperature of 25°C) is needed to produce 1 kWh of electrical energy. Practically, though, because of ohmic and polarization losses, when the working voltage of the fuel cell is 0.8 V, for example, 0.046 kg or 548 L of hydrogen is needed. 

two problems must be remembered when considering the use of hydrogen in fnel cells  

Hydrogen is not a natural fuel, which means that its use is inconsistent with the original aim of all work on fuel cells to achieve the direct conversion of the chemical energy of natural fuels to electrical energy. 

Fuel Cells Problems and Solutions, Second Edition. Vladimir S. Bagotsky. 

Hydrogen is rather complicated in its handling, storage, and transport from places of production to places of use, which means that its use is difficult when considering the alternative aim of work on fuel cells to provide efficient and clean autonomous power sources, including mobile and portable power sources. 

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The fuel management system includes the various types of fuel preparation and fuel delivery equipment, burners, ignitors, stokers, soot blowers, and ash handling equipment. 

Research sponsored by the Office of Spent Fuel Management and Reprocessing Systems, U.S. Department of Energy under contract W-7405-eng-26 with the Union Carbide Corporation. 

DeBano, L.F. Dunn, P.H. Conrad, C.E. In Proceedings ofthe Symposium on the Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems Aug. 1-5,1977, Palo Alto, CA. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Report WO-3 pp 65-74. 

NWPA finds should be supplemented by amounts equivalent to those now devoted to environmental restoration at the sites. Nuclear utilities should request assistance from experienced corporations in setting up the new corporation for spent fuel management and carrying out this important work, and ensure that best technology is used. 

He knew plenty. When Professor Krauch had gone into the government, Schneider had taken over the directorship of Krauch s Sparte, which included synthetic fuels. Management-wise, Krauch knew no peer, and in most scientific fields he knew more than Schneider, but in the field of fuel synthesis, Schneider had long been one of the two great scientists of the world. 

The general requirements for an SOFC anode material include [1-3] good chemical and thermal stability during fuel cell fabrication and operation, high electronic conductivity under fuel cell operating conditions, excellent catalytic activity toward the oxidation of fuels, manageable mismatch in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with adjacent cell components, sufficient mechanical strength and flexibility, ease of fabrication into desired microstructures (e.g., sufficient porosity and surface area), and low cost. Further, ionic conductivity would be beneficial to the extension of... 

Unresolved issues such as conformance with electrical, plumbing, fuel-management, and emissions rules and other safety considerations could hinder the efforts of companies that manufacture, sell, and install natural-gas-powered fuel cells for residential, industrial, and commercial applications. 

AECL has evaluated some of the basic information and development requirements in some detail (24, 25) and has outlined the type of fuel recycle development program which would be required. It would involve research and development of thorium fuels and fuel fabrication methods, reprocessing, demonstration of fuel management techniques and physics characteristics in existing CANDU reactors and demonstration of technology in health, safety, environmental, security and economics aspects of fuel recycle. 

High-pressure diesel fuel injection systems contain expensive and sophisticated components. The high-pressure pump and injector are the key components to ensuring proper fuel management within the diesel engine. Clearances and tolerances between moving parts of the fuel pump are quite fine. Even a small amount of deposit, contamination, or corrosion can significantly alter the efficient performance of the fuel injection system. 

To achieve a fuel management scheme with the lowest fuel cycle cost consistent with the current thermal and material performance limits, the following parameters are selected (l)a fuel cycle incorporating uranium/thorium (2) a fuel lifetime of four years (3) an average power density of 8.4 W/cm3 and (4) a refueling frequency of once a year. 

The Boston Consulting Group. 2006. Economic assessment of used nuclear fuel management in the United States. July 2006. This report was prepared for AREVA. http // www.bcg.com/publications/files/2116202EconomicAssessmentReport24Jul0SR.pdf. 

DeBano, L. F., Mann, L. D., and Hamilton, D. A. (1977). Fire s effects on physical and aggregate stability in hydrophobic soil. In Proceedings Symposium on Environmental Conservation Fire and Fuel Management of Mediterranean Ecosystems, Mooney, H. A., and Conrad, C., eds., Palo Alto, CA, August 1-5, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, pp. 65-74. 

For this market there are R D needs to address issues that include the following (1) combustion technology to reduce NOx emissions and achieve higher efficiencies, (2) fuel management and controls for operability and safety requirements, (3) cost-and-efficiency trade-offs, (4) material compatibility of components with H2 combustion gas, and (5) systems development and optimization. 

This paper will make a review of communications on spent fuel management made dnring previons ARW (95, 97 02) and give a general frame to the reflections that will be presented dnring the oncoming workshop. 

Actual status and problems of spent nuclear fuel management at coastal facilities of the north-west region and the far east region of Russia... 

The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Nuclear Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management signed in 1999 has not been ratified yet there is no law On the Management of RW and SNF . 

GENERAL POLICY AND STRATEGY EOR FRENCH NAVAL SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT... 

In Finland, about 1700 tU of spent nuclear fuel has arisen from the operation of the four nuclear power imits which were commissioned in late 1970 s - early 1980 s. Initially the spent fuel management policy was based on seeking for international centralised options because of the small size of the nuclear energy program. The amendment of the Nuclear Energy Act of 1994, however, revised the policy and disposal of spent fuel into the domestic bedrock is nowadays the only option. 

Though the Finnish fuel cycle policy is ciurently based on the once-through option, international developments in the fuel cycle technology are followed and regularly assessed, because the long storage period before permanent disposal leaves also other spent fuel management options open. 

The Finnish spent nuclear fuel management is cmrently firmly based on the once-through option. Spent fuel is stored in on-site pool-type facilities and enlargement of them is foreseen in early 2010 s to cover the required capacity prior to the commencement of disposal operations around 2020. Disposal operations would continue towards the end of century though the first compartments of the repository would be closed and sealed in mid-century. 

Abstract Spent fuel management strategy in the UK has developed to meet the... 

THE DTI FSU NUCLEAR LEGACY PROGRAMME SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MANAGEMENT AT ANDREEVA BAY... 

The EAAE has nominated three institutes to have responsibility for various areas at Andreeva Bay. These are NIKIET, who are addressing spent fuel management at the site, ICES who are responsible for investigations into Building 5 and SevRAO who are the site operators and are specifically tasked with improving the condition of the spent fuel tanks. 

Aksenov, E.I., Vavilkin, V.N. and Sandler N.G. (2001) Safety inerease and optimization of naval spent nuclear fuel management, in Proceedings of international conference Environmental Problems of Complex Decommissioning of Nuclear Submarines , Severodvinsk, pp. 305-308 (in Russian). 

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