Monetary value

Keywords economic model, shareholder s profit, project cashflow, gross revenue, discounted cashflow, opex, capex, technical cost, tax, royalty, oil price, marker crude, capital allowance, discount rate, profitability indicators, net present value, rate of return, screening, ranking, expected monetary value, exploration decision making. 

We define the expected monetary value (EMV) of the exploration prospect as ... 

The trends in total world mine production rates from 1987 to 1992 are evident in Table 3. An 8-yr averaging shows ca 2% growth in annual consumption. The average price of nickel has varied from year to year the actual price more than doubled from 1985 to 1988. However, third quarter 1993 prices dropped below mid-1980 prices to < 4.50/kg. Based on the 1992 world nickel consumption level of 813,900 t and the average annual London Metal Exchange (LME) nickel price, the 1992 monetary value for the nickel mining and refining industry would be approximately 6 x 10 . ... 

Clays are classified into six groups by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (1) kaolin, ball clay, fire clay, bentonite, fuller s earth, and common clay and shale. About half the toimage of clays produced in the United States is in the last category. In terms of monetary value, however, ka olin accounts for about two-thirds of the doUar volume. 

CBA relies heavily on the costs of environmental impacts. Some impacts may be easily expressed in monetary values, like crop loss or even increased morbidity among people. Others, like impact on biodiversity and the depletion of natural resources, are more difficult to describe in terms of monetary values. Large time scales and global impacts also complicate the methodology and confuse the understanding of the results. Some of the environmental consequences of today s activities appear only after several hundred or thousand yeats. Even low interest rates tend to diminish these types of impact, even if they are very large. 

The above analysis is somewhat oversimplified and is considered an Incomplete assessment of the existing environmental problems caused by pesticides. Again, it must be emphasized that there is no completely satisfactory way to summarize all of the environmental and social costs in terms of dollars. For example, it is impossible, if not unethical to place a monetary value on human lives either lost, diseased, or disabled because of pesticide use. It is equally difficult to place a monetary value on total wildlife losses. Good health, and Indeed life itself have no price tag. 

As discussed previously, direct COI are the economic representation of resource consumption and have a natural monetary value. They can occur on the provider and the household side. This chapter analyses the direct COI in four steps Provider cost before HAART (Sect. 2.1.1), provider cost in the HA ART era (Sect. 2.1.2), lifetime provider costs (Sect. 2.1.3), and direct household cost (Sect. 2.1.4). 

It must be emphasized that a CBA seeks to put monetary values on one or more of the final or intermediate outcomes. It does not simply compare the amount spent with the amount saved as a result of a treatment the latter would be a cost ojfset analysisy which compares two different levels of expenditure. Many evaluators have carried out cost-offset analyses but erroneously given them the CBA label. Without outcome data an evaluation is certainly not worthless, but its relevance for decision-makers is generally reduced. 

Cost-benefit analysis uses monetary valuations of the morbidity and mortality consequences of diseases or interventions. This allows estimation of the absolute and relative net social benefit of intervention, calculated as the monetary value of the consequences of an intervention minus the direct costs. Any health or social care intervention with a net social benefit greater than zero (i.e. the benefits are greater than the costs) is worth undertaking. Two approaches have typically been used to value outcomes in monetary values. The first is the human capital approach, where the monetary value of benefit represents the value of changes in the amount or type of work done or use of leisure time as... 

The second approach estimates the monetary value to individuals and society of health and social well-being and life per se. In practical terms this requires assessment of the amount of money which individuals would accept as compensation for reductions in health or life expectancy, or the amount they would be prepared to pay for improvements in health or life expectancy. The methodology for this approach is still being tested and developed. 

Dialysis and Hemodialysis Historically, dialysis has found some industrial use. Today, much of that is supplanted by ultrafiltration. Donan dialysis is treated briefly under electrodialysis. Hemodialysis is a huge application for membranes, and it dominates the membrane field in area produced and in monetary value. This medical application is omitted here. 

If a hue monetary value were established for carbon emissions, nuclear power could be the major beneficiary of an emissions credit trading market. Nuclear power advocates - and environmental advocates - need to play an active role in setting the regulatory framework that will advance our environmental interests. 

Some cost-benefit analysis (CB A) performed on climate change reach an optimal level of C02 concentration in the atmosphere of 650-700 parts per million (ppm) within a century or two (Weitzman 2009). Furthermore, the whole concept of assigning monetary values to the above mentioned is for many persons morally upsetting. 

The aim of this chapter is to give the reader a setting (or back drop) to the moral and theoretical pre-conditions necessary to understand and accept before assigning monetary values to welfare impacts. After reading this chapter, the reader should at least understand how, from a philosophical, theoretical and practical point of view, monetary values of welfare effects can be produced by economists. Monetary values of welfare effects are crucial for economic planning and the allocation of economic... 

Figure 1 summarizes the welfare values presented above. It also lists the valuation methods suitable for the calculation of monetary values. 

Valuation of environmental impacts can consist of both monetary values and nonmonetary weights to make it easier to estimate total effects from different products and projects. 

In CBA both cost and benefits are given a monetary value and then compared. Effects on, e.g. the environment, time use and health are examples of externalities that are monetized in a CBA. These are then compared with technical abatement costs, etc. in order to calculate net benefits of the studied scenario or policy. By doing this, the analysis provides policy relevant results describing whether a scenario provides a net benefit for society or not. The analysis can also identify the most beneficial scenario out of a number of scenarios. 

The second group includes those countries that opt to establish copayments with a fixed monetary value Germany, Sweden, Ireland, the UK and Austria. The amount payable per package can be identical for all prescriptions (UK, Austria), or it can depend on the size of the package (Germany). In Sweden, patients pay a fixed sum in kronor for the first prescription, and a smaller sum for each subsequent prescription. 

The result of a quantitative chemical measurement is not an end in itself. It has a cost and therefore it always has a purpose. It may be used, for example, in checking products against specifications or legal limits, to determine the yield of a reaction, or to estimate monetary value. 

But the people think the Government is back of all this money, with its taxing power. And for purposes of revenue, all property belongs to the government. So, you see, it is for the most part not the value of the gold, but the faith of the people in the stability of the government, that is the foundation of all monetary values. (Kateley 518)... 

Direct costs include both medical and nonmedical expenditures for the detection, treatment, and prevention of disease. Direct medical costs reflect resources consumed in the "production" of health care, such as pharmaceutical products and services, physician visits, and hospital care. Direct nonmedical costs reflect expenditures for products and services that are not directly related to disease treatment but are still related to patient care. Examples of direct nonmedical costs include transportation to a pharmacy or physician s office and housekeeping during the illness period. Indirect costs account for changes in productivity of an individual because of illness. The monetary value of lost or altered productivity is typically used as a measure of indirect costs. Intangible costs and consequences are nonmonetary in nature and reflect the impact of disease and its treatment on the individual s social and emotional functioning and quality of life. Table 12.2 provides examples of these types of costs and consequences. 

The most important health effects, in terms of economic damages that can be assigned monetary values, are premature mortality and increased incidence of chronic heart and lung disease. The air pollutants that have shown the strongest association with premature mortality and heart and lung disease are PM and airborne lead. PM has also been associated with hospital admissions, respiratory infections, and asthma attacks. Ozone has also been associated with mortality, hospital admissions, asthma attacks and respiratory restricted activity days (RADs), days on which a person cuts back on his or her normal activities, but does not necessarily miss work or stay in bed. S02 and NOx do not have such significant direct effects, though they do have... 

The balancing process described above does not require a formal benefit-cost analysis under which a monetary value is assigned to the risks associated with a substance and to the cost to society of proposed regulatory action on the availability of such benefits. Because a monetary value often cannot be assigned to a benefit or cost, such an analysis would not be very useful. 

Table 19.1 presents some evidence on the level and the structure of the external costs of various transport modes of the 15 EU member states before the enlargement of the Community in 2004 plus Norway and Switzerland. The figures show the monetary values of the effects that transport imposes on society and that are not directly covered by taxes, charges or other regulations. 

It is not necessary to take the table to 15 days. On day 15, Tom will receive 215 = 32,768 cents. Divide this amount by 100 to get the monetary value in dollars. 

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