Economic activity

Sulfur [7704-34-9] S, a nonmetallic element, is the second element of Group 16 (VIA) of the Periodic Table, coming below oxygen and above selenium. In massive elemental form, sulfur is often referred to as brimstone. Sulfur is one of the most important taw materials of the chemical industry. It is of prime importance to the fertilizer industry (see Fertilizers) and its consumption is generally regarded as one of the best measures of a nation s industrial development and economic activity (see Sulfur compounds Sulfurremoval and recovery Sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide). 

Section 313 requires that reports be filed by facilities," which are defined as all buildings, equipment, structures, and other stationary items which are located on a single site or on contiguous or adjacent sites and which are owned or operated by the same person." The SIC code system, however, classifies business establishments," which are defined as distinct and separate economic activities [thatj are performed at a single physical location."... 

The SIC code system defines business "establlshmenls as "distinct and separata economic activities [that] are performed at a single physical location." Under section 372.30(c) of the reporting rule, you may submit a separate Form R for each establishment, or for groups of establishments, in your covered facility, provided that all releases of the toxic chemicals... 

An economic externality exists whenever the wellbeing of some individual is affected by the economic activities of others without particular attention to the welfare of that individual. For example, smog-related illnesses such as bronchitis and exacerbated cases of childhood asthma have been blamed, to some extent, on the emissions of nitrogen oxides from automobiles and large fossil-fuel-burning power plants. These illnesses have high treatment costs that are not... 

As nations become more economically mature, two effects arc typically seen. One, the rate of economic growth necessarily slows, as the base ot economic activity expands and opportunities for easy expansion become more scarce. Two, the use of energy becomes more efficient as consumers and manufacturers become more knowledgeable about its use, and technological progress enables economic output to be produced with less energy input. 

The two rivers meet in the area between the cities of Sacramento and Stockton to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, hereafter referred to as the Delta (Fig. 1). The Delta is a complex network of intercoimected canals, river channels, sloughs, marshes, and subsided islands. The area of the Delta is 2,880 km. Approximately half-million people live in the Delta and agriculture is the primary economic activity with annual gross value at about two billion US dollars. Tourism is the second largest economic activity with 12 million visitors annually. The Delta also... 

One of the conclusions from the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (the Earth Summit) was the urgent need to find a more sustainable way of life, based on careful use of resources and a reduction in environmental emissions. There was also a call to move towards a model in which environmental enhancement is fully integrated with economic development. The consequences of this summit have been far-reaching not least by the fact that, in Europe and elsewhere, environmental protection requirements are now integrated into many policies rather than being separate pieces of legislation. Indeed Article 2 of the EC treaty states that the Community shall. .. promote throughout the Community harmonious, balanced and sustainable development of economic activities This may be viewed as the first step towards... 

The world population (P) continues to increase, though there is evidence that the rate of increase maybe dechning. The aspirations for the populations of developing coimtries to improve their economic circumstances and political pressure to ehminate excessive disparities of wealth in developed coimtries are such that average prosperity or economic activity (Wp) is also unhkely to show any marked reduction in the foreseeable future. If, as some contend, the world is close to, even beyond, its carrying capacity, then to prevent any further increases (or even to reduce it) it will be necessary to offset increases in P and Wp by proportionate decreases in P v... 

Pw) the burden on the planet per unit of economic activity, can be reduced in two ways ... 

The degree to which industrialized societies have dematerialized can be seen from Figure 1.3, in which the amount of material consumed (expressed as carbon from fossil feedstocks used) per unit of added value (using gross domestic product as a measure of economic activity) has declined steadily over the past 30 years of industrial development. 

The geographic distribution of pulp and paper mills varies according to the type of mill. As there are tremendous variations in the scale of individual facilities, tallies of the number of facilities may not represent the level of economic activity (nor possible environmental consequences). Pulp mills are located primarily in regions of the country where trees are harvested from natural stands... 

Given the direct link between energy and economic activity, the energy sector has suffered accordingly. A range of capital intensive infrastructure projects are falling victim to the international shortfall of ready capital as projects for power generation, pipeline construction, and liquefied natural gas, for example, have been scaled back or put on hold. 

Maclean JL, Dawe DC, Hardy B, Hettel GP, editors. Rice Almanac Source Book for the Most Important Economic Activity on Earth, 3rd Ed. Wallingford, United Kingdom CABI Publishing 2002. 257 p. 

Levin, R.C. et al. (1987), Appropriating the return from industrial research and development , Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 3, pp. 783-820. 

Caves, R.E., M.D. Whinston and M.A. Hurwitz (1991), Patent expiration, entry, and competition in the US pharmaceutical industry , Brooking Papers on Economic Activity, 1991, 1-66. 

However, the fertile land is not the only star of the delta. The bays also play an important role in the economy of this delta. Shellfish culture has been well developed in the shallow waters of the two aforementioned bays, and has become the second economic activity of the area after agriculture. In the Ebro delta, there are currently around 164 platforms for the production of mussels and oysters, 74 in Fangar bay (northern), and 90 in Alfacs bay (southern). Annual production for both bays is 3,000 tons of mussels and less than 1,000 tons of oysters [15]. 

What is more, these equally valid ways of defining value are consistent with a macroeconomic interpretation of the autonomous role of money. Since under the Kalecki principle capitalists earn what they spend, the social validation of the market, led by capitalist investment and consumption, is the starting point for economic activity. Commodities are only produced, labour is only employed, if capitalists cast into circulation the money required for sales to be realized - for labour embodied in commodities to become socially necessary. Since money, with its specific role in a capitalist economy, is so central to the Kalecki principle, a possible synthesis can be suggested with the value-form approach without, that is, compromising the use of a Leontief/Keynesian multiplier framework together with embodied labour categories. 

However, by locating equation (4.23) in the reproduction schema, the role that the multiplier plays in the reproduction process is explained. Increments in demand, represented by new capital, and financed by the advance of credit money, are the driving force of economic activity. Moreover, this injection of money provides the demand impetus and monetary wherewithal for firms to use up inventories and replace them. Reproduction is oiled by the injection of money demand, the outcome being the replacement of inputs and the expanded reproduction of the system once additional inputs are in place. Income is both sustained and increased in this reproduction process. By focusing on Marx s reproduction schema, a logical attempt can be made to marry increments in income with the reproduction of income in a multiplier framework. 

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