Flora microbial

Kleessen, B., Sykura, B., Zunft, H.-J., and Blaut, M., Effects of inulin and lactose on fecal micro flora, microbial activity, and bowel habit in elderly constipated persons, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 65, 1397-1402, 1997. 

Ingested plant metabolites, drugs and other compounds are processed both by the animal and by the microbial flora of the gut. The composition and activities of the gut microflora vary greatly from one animal species to another and have been very extensively reviewed." In true ruminants (sheep, cattle and deer) and in functional ruminants, such as camels and llamas, a mixed population of bacteria,... 

The production of reduced products like methane and ammonia by the gut microbial flora has important environmental consequences, as such compounds contribute to the chemical and biological oxygen demand. The detection of dissolved oxygen in the gut of piglets led to tests to show whether methane and other reduced products could be oxidized in the pig gut. The production of C-labelledCOj from C-labelledmethane has been demonstrated however, it is calculated that at most only a very small proportion of methane produced is likely to be oxidized using O 2 as electron acceptor. Methane may also be oxidized anaerobically, but only an extremely small amount of methane is likely to... 

Skinner F.A Carr F.G. (eds) (1974) The Normal Microbial Flora of Man. Society for Applied Bacteriology Symposium No. 5. London Academic Press. 

It has recently been shown (14) that nitrate from food can be detected in the feces of germfree animals but not in the feces of conventional animals. This result and the results of Witter et al. (18-20) suggest that nitrate is available in the lower gastrointestinal tract and is metabolized by the microbial flora. The intestine may thus be a site for the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds. 

The role of temperature may be of particular significance for mixed cultures of organisms in the natural environment, or when they are used in laboratory studies. Temperature may effect important changes both in the composition of the microbial flora and on the rates of reaction. Greatest attention has hitherto been directed to hydrocarbons and PCBs. Some illustrative examples of important issues that are especially relevant to bioremediation include the following ... 

This is an important parameter particularly for naturally occurring mixed cultures of organisms in the natural environment temperature may result in important changes in the composition of the microbial flora as well as on the rates for different processes. An illustrative example of its importance includes the following. An anaerobic sediment sample was incubated with... 

Evidence has been accumulating that extracellular metabolic activity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, occurs within skin glands and on the skin surface (Albone, 1997). Sterile human apocrine secretions do not develop the characteristic axillary odour (Shelley et al., 1953). In the salivary secretions of the boar, transformations of the pheromonal 16-androstene steroids 2. were attributed to the microbial flora (Booth, 1987). 

Drug-specific considerations in antimicrobial selection include the spectrum of activity, effects on nontargeted microbial flora, appropriate dose, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, adverse-effect and drug-interaction profile, and cost. 

Some of the preferred tools used in natural microbial control programs are given in Table 8. The goal in nature is always to maintain control of a system, to avoid letting it foul until cleanup is the last resort. In nature, maintenance of a clean system is the only real hope for survival. Clean rarely, if ever, means sterile. The natural systems discussed in this paper, for example, are always comprised of vast microbial flora in close proximity to or actually a part of the protected portion of the system in which microbial fouling problems are actively managed by the animal or plant. 

That compounds of the potency of liriodenine are present in plant tissues underscores the potential of plants to affect dramatically other organisms in their environment. Release of liriodenine or similarly potent agents from decomposing plant materials may significantly modify the microbial flora of the root zone. This in turn may have direct and indirect effect the plants which will germinate and grow in the affected soil, the classical allelopathlc effect (11). 

Once biological activity has been established (in the laboratory or the field) and once the chemical work has been accomplished, we need to confirm allelopathic activity in the natural environment. To accomplish this end, the effects of soil and microbial flora must be considered. Thus, the disciplines of soil chemistry and microbiology are required. The chapters in this volume deal primarily with the biology and chemistry of phytotoxins isolated from plants however, we hope that these topics will stimulate soil chemists and microbiologists to contribute to solving the problems associated with the study of allelopathy. Thus, the purpose of this volume is not only to bring before the scientific community a representation of research efforts in the area of allelopathy, but also to promote the relationships... 

Rutter, J.M. and Beer, R.J.S. (1975) Synergism between Trichuris suis and the microbial flora of the large intestine causing dysentery in pigs. Infection and Immunity 11, 395-404. 

Liljemark WF, Bloomquist CG Normal microbial flora of the human body in Newman MG, Nisengard R (eds) Oral Microbiology and Immunology. Philadelphia, Saunders, 1988, pp 140-142. 

Hill M Normal and pathological microbial flora of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1985 111 1-6. 

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