Nutrients utilization

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

Eisenhauer A, Gogen K, Pemicka E, Mangini A (1992) Climatic influences on the growth rates of Mn cmsts during the Late Quaternary. Earth Planet Sci Lett 109 25-36 Elderfield H, Rickaby REM (2000) Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean. Natme 405 305-310... 

Tewe, 0.0. 1982a. Protein supplementation of cassava diets for growing pigs effects on performance, nutrient utilization and cyanide metabolism. Nutr. Rep. Inter. 25 451-462. 

Tewe, 0.0. 1988. Performance, nutrient utilization and cyanide metabolism in African giant rats (Cricetomys gambianus Waterhouse) fed varying dietary levels of cassava peels. Anim. Technol. 39 77-82. 

Tewe, 0.0. and E. Pessu. 1982. Performance and nutrient utilization in growing pigs fed cassava peel rations containing different cyanide levels. Nutr. Rep. Inter. 26 51-58. 

Types of protein-energy malnutrition are marasmus (deficiency in total intake or nutrient utilization), kwashiorkor (relative protein deficiency), and mixed marasmus-kwashiorkor. 

McCarthy, J. J. (1981). The kinetics of nutrient utilization. In Physiological Bases of Phytoplankton Ecology, ed. Platt, T., Department of Fisheries and Oceans,... 

It has been suggested that metabolites resulting from detoxification of plant compounds such as ferulic acid, a detoxification by-product of coniferyl benzoate and analogous compounds, may interfere with reproduction. However, experiments have shown that coniferyl benzoate in the diet of Japanese quail [Coturnix coturnix) had no hormonal effects. Rather, costs of detoxication and reduced nutrient utilization deter wild birds such as ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbel-lus, from feeding (Jakubas etal, 1993). 

FarreU JW, Pedersen TF, Calvert SE, Nielsen B (1995) Glacial-interglacial changes in nutrient utilization in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature 377 514-517 Ferry JM (1992) Regional metamorphism of the Waits River Formation delineation of a new type of giant hydrothermal system, J Petrol 33 45-94... 

Reynolds BC, Frank M, HaUiday AN (2006) Silicon isotope fractionation during nutrient utilization in the North Pacific. Earth Planetary Sci Letters 244 431 143 Rice DD, Claypool GE (1981) Generation, accumulation and resource potential of biogenic gas. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 65 5-25... 

Comparative effects of wheat bran and barley husk on nutrient utilization in rats. 2. Zinc, calcium and phosphorus. Br J Nutr 1986 56(1) 269-280. 

Gonthier, C., Mustafa, A.F., Berthiaume, R., Petit, H.V., Martineau, R., and Ouellet, D.R. 2004b. Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87, 1854—1863. 

Schubert, C. J., and Calvert, S. E. (2001). Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition of marine and terrestrial organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments Implications for nutrient utilization and organic matter composition. Deep-Sea Res. 148, 789-810. 

Drews M, Paalme T, Vilu R (1995), The growth and nutrient utilization of the insect cell line Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 in batch and continuous culture, J. Biotechnol. 40 187-198. 

In addition to long-chain fatty acids from plasma, the major nutrients utilized for milk fat synthesis are glucose, acetate and 0-hydroxybutyrate. Kinetics for the uptake of these from blood were reported by Miller et al. (1991). Glucose is absolutely required for milk synthesis, being a precursor for lactose or other carbohydrates, or both, in all terrestrial mammals (Oftedal and Iverson, 1995). 

Six subjects who were participants in a study on effects of several purified fibers on nutrient utilization and who were vegetarians were age, sex, height, weight and ethnic-group matched with six subjects from this series of studies who were omnivores. The laboratory-controlled diet fed to all subjects for 21-28 days was a lacto-vegetarlan type. The basal diet provided 10.10 mg of zinc and 14.7 g of fiber. Cellulose, hemi-cellulose or pectin were added to the basal diet to provide 20 g fiber/day in separate, randomly arranged period of 6 to 7 days each. 

Cuevas, E., and E. Medina. 1986. Nutrient dynamics within Amazonian forest ecosystems. I. Nutrient flux in fine litter fall and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Oecologia 68 466-472. 

TorteU, P., DiTuUio, G., Sigman, D., and Morel, F. (2002). CO2 effects on taxomonic composition and nutrient utilization in an Equatorial Pacific phytoplankton assemblage. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 236, 37-43. 

Marchetti, A., Juneau, P., Whitney, F., Wong, C. S., Harrison, P.J. (2006). Phytoplankton processes during a mesoscale iron enrichment in the NE subarctic Pacific Part II— Nutrient utilization. Deep-Sea Res. II 53, 2114-2130. 

Although we have presented inventory changes and nutrient utilization as separate processes, they are undoubtedly linked. Perhaps most interesting is the potential role of high latitude circulation and nutrient utifization on the nutrient content of the thermochne, a key parameter for setting the productivity of low latitude surface waters (Sarmiento and Orr, 1991 Sarmiento et ai, 2004 Schmittner, 2005). 

Robinson, R. S., BruneUe, B. G., and Sigman, D. M. (2004). Revisiting nutrient utilization in the glacial Antarctic Evidence from a new method for diatom-bound N isotopic analysis. Paleoceanography 19(3), doi 10.1029/2003PA000996. 

Elderfield H. and Rickaby R. E. M. (2000) Oceanic Cd/P ratio and nutrient utilization in the glacial Southern Ocean. Nature 405, 305-310. 

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