Chlorophenols, Mono

Chloronaphthalene 40 Chloronitrobenzenes, 40 Chloropentafluoroethane, 40 Chlorophacinone, 40 4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine, 40 Chlorophenols, 40 Chlorophenols, Mono, 40 Chloropicrin, 40 Chloroplatinic acid, 41 Chloroprene, 41... 

The main applications of mono-, di-, or ttichlorophenols are in agrochemicals and for pentachlorophenol in wood protection. 2-Chlorophenol is used chiefly in the manufacture of an insecticide [41198-08-7] (55,56)... 

Blaha L, J Klanova, P Klan, J Janosek, M Skarek, R Ruzicka (2004) Toxicity increases in ice containing mono-chlorophenols upon photolysis environmental consequences. Environ Sci Technol 38 2873-2878. 

A wide variety of xenobiotics can become cross-linked to naturally occurring humic matter by the action of phenyloxidases. These xenobiotics include phenols (e.g., mono-, di-, and tri-substituted chlorophenols, 2,6-xylenol), and anilines (e.g., 4-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, and 2,6-diethylaniline) [17,160]. 

Chemical/Physical. Chemical oxidation of mono-, di-, and trichlorophenols using Fenton s reagent were investigated by Barbeni et al. (1987). To a 70-mL aqueous solution containing 4-chlorophenol thermostated at 25.0 °C was added ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide solution (i.e., hydroxyl radicals). Concentrations of 4-chlorophenol were periodically determined with... 

Main substrate Microorganisms 3-Monochloro-benzoate Pseudomonas putida 87 [115] 2,5-Dichloro- benzoate Pseudomonas aeruginosa [122] 4-Mono-chlorophenol Rhodococcus sp. PI [108] 4-Mono-chlorophenol Trichosporon beigelii (cuta-neum) [127]... 

Trinitro-3-chlorophenol or Chloropicric Acid, yel crysts(AcOH or ale) or prisms(from w), mp 112-19°, not volatile with steam mod sol in chlf, benz, ale or eth can be obtd as the ultimate product of nitration of all mono- di-nitro-3-chlorophenols (Refs 2 3). It forms yel salts of Na, Ag, NH3 (mp 223 24 °) PhNH2 (mp 189 90°). See Refs 2, 3, 5,6, 7 8 for other props methods of prepn. The Chloride salt, an expl compd called Chloropicryl Chloride, is mentioned under Trinitrochloro-benzenes, Derivatives of Chlorobenzene... 

Because Fenton oxidation of chlorophenols should follow the same mechanism, the activated complex in the transition state should have a similar structure. Therefore, Equation (6.64) can be applied to mono-, di-, and trichlo-rophenols. It is not certain, however, that it can be applied to tetra- and penta-chlorophenols due to steric hindrance therefore, when the above general equation is applied to chlorophenols, the equation becomes ... 

Apak, R. and Hugul, M., Photooxidation of some mono-, di-, and tri-chlorophenols in aqueous solution by hydrogen peroxide/UV combination, /. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol., 67, 221-226, 1996. 

The inwitro metabolites of chlorobenzene are o-chlorophenol, m- chlorophenol, and p-chlorophenol the proportions differ according to the source of the mono-oxygenase system and its state of purity (Selander et al. 1975). The o- and p-chlorophenols result from isomerization of the intermediate 3-and 4-chlorobenzene oxides, respectively. The formation of m-chlorophenol appears to occur via a direct oxidative pathway (Oesch et al. 1973). In vitro conjugation of the arene oxide with glutathione or hydration is not a significant pathway (Selander et al. 1975). 

Jin, M. and Y. Yang. 2006. Simultaneous determination of nine trace mono- and di-chlorophenols in water by ion chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 566 193-199. 

Additional evidence for the occurrence of gas-phase intermolecular and intramolecular nucleophilic substitution was obtained in an investigation on the reactivity of mono- and dichlorophenols within the high-pressure mass spectrometer source under conditions of argon-enhanced negative ion mass spectrometry282. It was shown that the reactant anions involved in these processes are derived exclusively from the chlorophenols and not from possible impurities such as residual oxygen, water, etc. Thus, for example, the formation of an abundant [2M - H - Cl]" adduct was attributed to an intermolecular nucleophilic Cl displacement by an [M - H]" chlorophenoxide ion282. 

Ion-pair extraction and IPC were combined to analyze phosphoric acid mono- and diesters originating from the microbial hydrolysis of flame retardants. Even tertiary treatment did not ensure complete removal of the studied compounds detected in municipal wastewater [107], Chlorophenols extracted from water samples as anionic chlorophenolates were studied by IPC because the anionic forms of these analytes provide better UV ultraviolet absorption than uncharged chlorophenol based on their auxochromic effects. IPC conditions yielded adequate retention of the charged analytes and good sensitivity [108]. 

Also for weakly acidic analytes such as mono- and disubstituted phenols [74,76], increases of 0.2-0.3 Ka units per 10 v/v% acetonitrile were obtained phenol, 0.33 pA units 3,5-dicholorphenol, 0.21 Ka units 3-bromophenol, 0.32 pAa units 4-chlorophenol, 0.30 Ka units per 10% acetonitrile. 

Just as diphenyl ether is metabolized to hydroxydiphenyl ether derivatives [107],PCDEs can be metabolized to hydroxy-PCDEs [18,34].Tulp et al. [18] studied the metabolism of PCDEs in rats and observed that the major metabolic route is hydroxylation, but chlorophenols can also be formed by scission of the ether bond. They detected mono-, di-, and trihydroxy metabolites in rats and... 

Adsorption of 19a on CdS was measured from methanolic solution. As observed for the adsorption of 2,5-DHF, the adsorption isotherm indicates the presence of mono- and multilayer adsorption. From the former a maximum surface concentration eq(max) of 20 X 10 mol g Can be estimated. At higher concentrations a linear correlation seems to be present. A similar behavior was observed also for the adsorption of chlorophenols on Ti02 [46]. Application of the Fliemenz model on the methanol-imine surface monolayer leads to an adsorption constant of 4400 + 950 and a <7° value of 4000 A. This is far too large, as indicated by comparison with 50 (14 x 3.5 A) estimated for a flat unsolvated molecule. This... 

Chlorinated phenolic compounds are examples of aromatics which may cause taste and odor problems in finished drinking-water [11 ]. These compounds may result from natural and domestic sources [12 ], from wood preservatives [13 ], or as by-products of chlorination in the treatment process [11 ]. A common treatment process for the occurrence of chlorinated taste and odor problems is super chlorination, which converts the odor causing mono- and di-chlorophenols to trichlorophenols [ 11 ] which do not cause odor, but are suspected carcinogens [ 5 ]. 

Boyd, E.M., Killham, K. and Meharg, A.A. (2001) Toxicity of mono-, di- and tri-chlorophenols to lux marked terrestrial bacteria, Burkholderia species Rase c2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Chemosphere, 43, 157-166. 

J. A. Eagle, Jr. 1985. Acute toxicity of mono-chlorophenols, dichlorophenols and penta-chlorophenol in the mouse. Toxicol. Lett. 29(1) ... 

Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were found in the ng/g range in cod liver oils [138]. The PCDE profiles were compared with those of PCDEs in chlorinated phenols, wood preserving formulations, and fly ash. The primary source of PCDEs are chlorophenols but sources other than those investigated appear to be involved as well. The majority of PCDEs found in cod liver oil are mono- or di-ortho- substituted and also have chlorines in the meta and para positions. 

Phenolic compounds. In Portuguese rivers tri-, di and mono-chlorophenols were determined by APCl-LC-MS in negative mode in parallel with other pesticides. SPE was performed with Oasis cartridges [323]. 

M. Paleologou, S. Li and W.C. Purdy, Liquid Chromatographic Retention Behavior and Separation of Chlorophenols on a P-Cyclodextrin Bonded Phase Column, Part I. Mono-aromatic Chlorophenols Retention Behavior, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 28(1990)311. 

In some cases, it might also be possible to use a thermally regenrative extractant. For example, mono-methylamine solution has been suggested for the separation of mixtures of p-chlorophenol/2,4-dichlorophenol. By boiling the aqueous salt, monomethylamine is regenerated, and can thus be recycled. 

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