Increased attention

As it has appeared in recent years that many hmdamental aspects of elementary chemical reactions in solution can be understood on the basis of the dependence of reaction rate coefficients on solvent density [2, 3, 4 and 5], increasing attention is paid to reaction kinetics in the gas-to-liquid transition range and supercritical fluids under varying pressure. In this way, the essential differences between the regime of binary collisions in the low-pressure gas phase and tliat of a dense enviromnent with typical many-body interactions become apparent. An extremely useful approach in this respect is the investigation of rate coefficients, reaction yields and concentration-time profiles of some typical model reactions over as wide a pressure range as possible, which pemiits the continuous and well controlled variation of the physical properties of the solvent. Among these the most important are density, polarity and viscosity in a contimiiim description or collision frequency. 

Another topic that received increasing attention is the incorporation of quantum methods into dynamic simulations. True quantum dynamics for hundreds of particles is beyond any foreseeable computational capability, and only approximations are viable. We should distinguish ... 

A model which is attracting increasing attention, because of its relevance to actual solids composed of globular particles (Section 1.6), is the packed sphere model. By applying the same general principles as those outlined... 

Biopolymer Extraction. Research interests involving new techniques for separation of biochemicals from fermentation broth and cell culture media have increased as biotechnology has grown. Most separation methods are limited to small-scale appHcations but recendy solvent extraction has been studied as a potential technique for continuous and large-scale production and the use of two-phase aqueous systems has received increasing attention (259). A range of enzymes have favorable partition properties in a system based on a PGE—dextran—salt solution (97) ... 

The absorber tail gas contains about 20 mol % hydrogen and has a higher heating value of ca 2420 kj/m (65 Btu/SCF). With increased fuel costs and increased attention to the environment, tail gas is burned for the twofold purpose of generating steam and eliminating organic and carbon monoxide emissions. 

Suicide substrate and reaction intermediate inhibitors promise the highest degree of specificity and have drawn increased attention (106). 

Increasing attention has been paid to the generation of quantitative stmcture—activity relationships in which the effects of molecular substitution on pharmacologic activity can be interpreted in terms of the physicochemical properties of the substituents. These approaches are based on the extrathermodynamic analysis of substituent effects (36) ... 

Identification, isolation, and removal of (polyhydroxy)benzenes from the environment have received increased attention throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The biochemical activity of the benzenepolyols is at least in part based on thek oxidation—reduction potential. Many biochemical studies of these compounds have been made, eg, of enzymic glycoside formation, enzymic hydroxylation and oxidation, biological interactions with biochemically important compounds such as the catecholamines, and humic acid formation. The range of biochemical function of these compounds and thek derivatives is not yet fully understood. 

Future technology developments in paraffin alkylation will be greatly influenced by environmental considerations. The demand for alkylate product will continue to increase because alkylate is one of the most desirable components in modern low emission gasoline formulations. Increased attention will be focused on improving process safety, reducing waste disposal requirements, and limiting the environmental consequences of any process emissions. 

Insomnia complaints are common in the general population and can be dichotomized into problems of delayed sleep onset and those related to sleep maintenance. Increasing attention is being focused on the adverse daytime effects of insomnia. Sleep disturbances become more common with increased age and are more prevalent in women. Sleep complaints arise from very diverse etiologies which prominently include concomitant primary... 

Agricultural mnoff is a large contributor to etrophication in lakes and other natural bodies of water. Effective control measures have yet to be developed for this problem. Runoff of pesticides is also receiving increasing attention. 

Colour Index, and its Additions and Amendments, 3rd ed.. Society of Dyers and Colourists, London, and American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Durham, N.C. It now consists of seven volumes. The Colourindex was originally written by and for the textile industry, but pigments are receiving increasing attention. 

Potential for releasing process mateiials to the environment. Fugitive emissions are receiving ever increasing attention. Exposure considerations, both immediate and long term, for maintenance personnel are especially important when the process fluid is either corrosive or toxic. 

New regulatory initiatives (e.g., from OSHA and EPA) and industry programs (e.g., the Chemical Manufacturers Association s Responsible Cate effort) have stimulated increased attention to PSM. While compliance is certainly a requirement in deciding to implement PSM, it is by no means the only ben t. Rather, compliance is the baseline from which other benefits evolve. The quality and effectiveness of the system your company ultimately adopts could well depend on how persuasively those benefits are conveyed. Remember, at this point in your initiative, the goal is to win endorsement of a concept, not approval of a full-fledged plan. The core of that concept is the idea that PSM offers benefits over and above compliance with new regulations, or conformance with an industry initiative. 

An entirely different form of isomerism, which is attracting increasing attention, is described in the Panel opposite. 

Ozone has received increased attention for its occurrence and function in the Earth s atmosphere.For example the decreasing ozone concentration in the stratospheric ozone layer, becoming most obvious with the Antarctic ozone hole. 

In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the possibility of delaying or even reversing the memory loss that accompanies old age or the more tragic loss of human capabilities associated with premature senility - Alzheimer s disease. Progress is hampered by the difficulty of identifying suitable animal tests, and there is presently no reliable therapy. 

Traditionally, LC and GC are used as separate steps in the sample analysis sequence, with collection in between, and then followed by transfer. A major limitation of off-line LC-GC is that only a small aliquot of the LC fraction is injected into the GC p. (e.g. 1 - 2 p.1 from 1 ml). Therefore, increasing attention is now given to the on-line combination of LC and GC. This involves the transfer of large volumes of eluent into capillary GC. In order to achieve this, the so-called on-column interface (retention gap) or a programmed temperature vaporizor (PTV) in front of the GC column are used. Nearly all on-line LC-GC applications involve normal-phase (NP) LC, because the introduction of relatively large volumes of apolar, relatively volatile mobile phases into the GC unit is easier than for aqueous solvents. On-line LC-GC does not only increase the sensitivity but also saves time and improves precision. 

Authenticity evaluation has recently received increased attention in a number of industries. The complex mixtures involved often require very high resolution analyses and, in the case of determining the authenticity of natural products, very accurate determination of enantiomeric purity. Juchelka et al. have described a method for the authenticity determination of natural products which uses a combination of enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (28). In isotope ratio mass spectrometry, combustion analysis is combined with mass spectrometry, and the ratio of the analyte is measured versus a... 

As discussed in Section III.G, the possibility of simultaneous initiation of degradation from normal units in the PVC chain is receiving increased attention. The work of Millan and coworkers who showed that the normal secondary chlorines in isotactic triads are also labile and can act as points of initiation for thermal degradation was also discussed. This favors simultaneous participation of normal chlorines along with defect sites in the thermal degradation of PVC. The content of nondefect labile structures in PVC is much higher than that of the defect structures [125]. 

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