Environmental influence

20 Stress vs. apparent strain curves for AZ91 pre-charged in gaseous H2, and Ar at 3 MPa and 300°C and fractured in air, compared with a non-charged specimen fractured in air. 

Makar et al. [113] found that SCC of rapidly solidified and as-cast Mg-lAl and Mg-9A1 occurred in a limited range of relatively high strain rates in NaCl-only solutions and not at all in K2Cr04-only solutions. The requirement for a relatively high strain rate coupled with the trends outlined by Lbtehaj et al. [120] suggested that HL is dependent on the localised corrosion and H-evolution reactions caused by appropriate chloride-chromate ratios. Varying the chloride-chromate ratio varied the strain rate at which localisation occurred (Fig. 8.16). 

However, the relationship between strain rate and environment varies with system. Winzer et al. [37] found that SCC susceptibility of AZ91, AZ31 and AM30 in distilled water increased continuously with decreasing strain rate. Nozaki e a/. [121] reported no significant variation in the SCC susceptibility. 

Timonova [126] stated that MA3 was susceptible to SCC in sodium carbonate solution, with a susceptibility constant for concentrations between 0.005 and 0.15M, and increasing with concentrations between 0.15 and l.OM. 

Pelensky and Gallaccio [105] carried out an extensive assessment of environmental influences for SCC of pure Mg and Mg-Mn, Mg-Al, Mg-Al-Zn, Mg-Zn-Zr, Mg-Al-Mn and Mg-Li alloys in air, water and numerous aqueous solutions. Most alloy-environment combinations resulted in SCC. The following general trends were noted  

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During take-off and landing, the wheels of modem aircraft are subject to great stress. New high-performance brake systems and aggressive environmental influences push the wheels closer and closer to their limit. These conditions as well as increased requirements for safety and quality control now necessitate that wheels are tested much more comprehensively than in the past. 

Discussions and interviews with the task experts can be supplemented with observations of their actual performance, for example, taking notes on certain aspects of the task or taking video or audio recordings. Observational techniques can reveal information that may be difficult to acquire in any other way. Detailed physical task performance data can be recorded, and major environmental influences (e.g., noise, light, interruptions) can all be faithfully represented. Observations can also provide an insight into the way that the team members communicate, allocate job responsibilities, and make use of operating procedures and other resources. 

The potential durability of a coating system can be realized only if it is applied to a suitably prepared surface, in the correct manner under correct conditions. Painting differs from any other industrial processes in that it is not susceptible to operator abuse or adverse environmental influences throughout all stages of the work. 

Remove significant environmental influences as soon as reasonably practicable, e.g. dewatering/dehumidification of produced oils and gases as close to wellhead as possible. 

Devlin, R.H. and Nagahama, Y. (2002). Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences. Aquaculture 208, 191-364. 

Symmetry breaking associated with chiral phenomena is a theme that recurs across the sciences—from the intricacies of the electroweak interaction and nuclear decay [1-3] to the environmentally influenced dimorphic chiral structures of microscopic planktonic foraminifera [4, 5], and the genetically controlled preferential coiling direction seen in the shells of snail populations [6, 7]. 

Sugai SF, JE Limndstrom, JF Braddock (1997) Environmental influences on the microbial degradation of Exxon Valdez oil on the shorelines of Prince William Sound, Alaska. Environ Sci Technol 31 1564-1572. 

Genetic factors cannot explain the recent rapid rise in asthma prevalence. Asthma appears to require both genetic predisposition and environmental exposure. Many patients with occupational asthma develop the disease late in life upon exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Environmental influences in utero or in infancy may contribute to the development of asthma. Maternal smoking during pregnancy or exposure to secondhand smoke after birth increases the risk of childhood asthma.3 Adult-onset asthma is not uncommon and may be related to atopy, nasal polyps, aspirin sensitivity, occupational exposure, or a recurrence of childhood asthma. 

Psoriasis is a T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease that results from a complex interplay between multiple genetic factors and environmental influences. Genetic predisposition coupled with some precipitating factor triggers an abnormal immune response, resulting in the initial psoriatic skin lesions. Keratinocyte proliferation is central to the clinical presentation of psoriasis. 

As Einhellig (48) correctly stated, "Unless cooperative research between chemists and physiologists is conducted, we will continue to be left with the notion that an array of simple phenols cannon to a wide array of soils and situations are the major chemical allelopa-thic agents." As for the importance of the chemical identity, Putnam and Duke (17) expressed it very well "after all chemicals are identified, studies can be made on genetics, specificity, environmental influences and environmental consequences."... 

Although chlorination with sodium dichloroisocyanurate is still by far the most commonly used method of shrink-resist finishing, there is considerable concern over the environmental influence of its AOX contribution. For this reason, its usefulness could decline in future and there has been considerable investigation of alternatives to this attractively cost-effective treatment. 

The environmental compatibility of silicone softeners is generally favourable [495,496]. The discussion here concerns only the silicone component of the formulation and not the supporting emulsifying system. For the most part this is nonionic, preferably based on linear ethoxylated fatty alcohols, although alkylphenol ethoxylates are still used in some countries [496]. The salient points regarding the environmental influence of silicones can be summarised as follows ... 

Maczek C, Bock G, Jurgens G, Schonitzer D, Dietrich H, Wick G (1998) Environmental influence on age-related changes of human lymphocyte membrane viscosity using severe combined immunodeficiency mice as an in vivo model. Exp Gerontol 33(5) 485—498... 

Both ADH and ALDH use NAD+ as cofactor in the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. The rate of alcohol metabolism is determined not only by the amount of ADH and ALDH2 enzyme in tissue and by their functional characteristics, but also by the concentrations of the cofactors NAD+ and NADH and of ethanol and acetaldehyde in the cellular compartments (i.e., cytosol and mitochondria). Environmental influences on elimination rate can occur through changes in the redox ratio of NAD+/NADH and through changes in hepatic blood flow. The equilib-... 

Early response genes function as development-control signals. How do epigenetic influences participate in decision making Environmental influences come in the form of growth factors, neurotransmitters and other ligands that are linked to changes in membrane receptors and... 

Several types of evidence point to an environmental influence in MS. These include unequal geographic... 

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