Clinical applications application

Clinical Applications UV/Vis molecular absorption is one of the most commonly employed techniques for the analysis of clinical samples, several examples of which are listed in Table 10.7. 

Clinical Applications Perhaps the area in which ion-selective electrodes receive the widest use is in clinical analysis, where their selectivity for the analyte in a complex matrix provides a significant advantage over many other analytical methods. The most common analytes are electrolytes, such as Na+, K+, Ca +, H+, and Ch, and dissolved gases, such as CO2. For extracellular fluids, such as blood and urine, the analysis can be made in vitro with conventional electrodes, provided that sufficient sample is available. Some clinical analyzers place a series of ion-selective electrodes in a flow... 

M. C. Linder, ed.. Nutritional Biochemistry and Metabolism with Clinical Applications, Elsevier, New York, 1985. 

Z. Parve2, ed.. Contrast Media Riologic Effects and Clinical Applications, 3 vols., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., 1987. 

S. Turco and R. E. King, Sterile Dosage Forms, Their Preparation and Clinical Application, Lea and Eebiager, Philadelphia, Pa., 1974. 

A. W. Norman, R. Bouillon, M. Thomasset, eds.. Vitamin D. A Pluripotent Steroid Hormone Structural Studies, Molecular Endocrinology and Clinical Applications. Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop on Vitamin D, Orlando, Florida, May 1994, Walter de Gmyter, Berlin, 1994, p. 89. 

H. F. DeLuca and H. K. Schnoes, ia A. W. Norman and co-eds.. Vitamin D Recent Basic Mdvances and Their Clinical Application, Walter de Gmyter, Eknsford, N.Y., 1979. 

R.E. Clement (Ed.), Gas Chromatography Biochemical, Biomedical and Clinical Applications, J. Wiley Sons, New York, 1990. ISBN 0471010480. 

Spotnitz, W.D., Clinical applications of fibrin sealant in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery. In Sierra, D. and Saltz, R. (Eds.), Surgical Adhesives and Sealants, Current Technology and Applications. Technomic, Lancaster, RA, 1996, pp. 239-244. 

Getz, M. E., in J. C. Touehstone, D. Rogers Thin-Layer Chromatography Quantitative Environmental and Clinical Application. J. Wiley Sons, New York-Chiehester-Bris-bane-Toronto 1980. 

A. J. Tomlinson, E. M. Benson, R. R Oda, W. D. Braddock, B. E. Riggs, J. A. Katzmann and S. Naylor, Novel modifications and clinical applications of preconcentration-cap-illaiy electi ophoi esis-mass specti ometiy , 7. Capillary Electrophor. 2 97-104 (1995). 

Since the pioneer work by Merigan in 1967 [1], many kinds of synthetic or natural polyanionic polymers have been examined for their biological activities [2-8], such as cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, antitumor activity, and immunomodulating activity. Although the biological results were interesting, the extent of activity for clinical application was still low. 

There were some early clinical studies of carzinophilin, both alone [131,132] and in combination with mitomycin C, in humans [133]. Despite showing promising reduction in the number of cancer cells, there were significant toxic side effects and clinical application has not been pursued any further. 

A foil discussion of each of the above categories of biological medicines and related agents covered by each of the categories is beyond the scope of this brief essay. However, ImmunoFacts is the most current and comprehensive collection of immunologic and vaccine information and is continuously updated for clinical application, including side effects [5]. 

The successful clinical application of RTK-based therapeutics in the last 8 years instigates further research to generate the next generation drugs. Thus, antisense RNAs or dominant-negative receptor mutants are being tested for their ability to reduce receptor expression. 

MecalfD (1990) The colony stimulating factors. Discovery, development, and clinical applications. Cancer 65 185-195... 

No ligands of IP3R have yet found clinical application. Most agonists of IP3R are either modifications of DP3 or derived from adenophostin A. The only known antagonists of IP3R (e.g., heparin, 2-AJPB) are vety poorly selective. 

For patients with leukemia, the transfer of siRNA-based strategies into clinical applicability will certainly be both frustrating and time-consuming and many hurdles still have to be overcome in order to realize the therapeutic potential of siRNAs. Efficient delivery of siRNA into the leukemic stem cell and their unknown influence of the patient s immune system are the most challenging issues that need to be addressed. 

Before a clinical trial can commence, it is necessary to submit a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) to the Competent Authority of each Member State, where it is... 

Figure 5.4 A checklist of documentation to be provided with a Clinical Trial Application.

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