Raman clinical applications

Ermakov IV, Ermakova MR, Bernstein PS, and Gellermann W (2004a), Macular pigment Raman detector for clinical applications, J. Biomed. Opt. 9 139-148. 

They employed principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to distinguish the two types of polyps. The spectra (Fig. 2.9) have bands at similar wave numbers and their features are similar, making it difficult for the untrained eye to distinguish between them. The application illustrates the importance of multivariate analysis in clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy. It is often the case that there are only small differences between normal and diseased tissues. 

Many technical problems must be solved to enable routine use of Raman spectroscopy as an in vivo clinical tool. The employment of Raman spectroscopy in situ for the study of most tissues necessitates the use of fibre optics to deliver and return the signal from the tissue site. There have been a number of fibre probe designs considered and this is an active area of research [57-60, 10]. Clinical applications to date include GI tract [61], urology [62], lung [63], stomach [64] and cervix [65]. 

We hope the book has conveyed a compelling picture of the vast potential of Raman spectroscopy which recent applications and instrumentation advances have unlocked. Many areas within these specialist biomedical and pharmaceutical fields are rapidly progressing from academic research environments to implementation as solutions to practical problems. In the pharmaceutical industry this process is well advanced. The march into the biomedical area is underway and further penetration into clinical applications appears imminent. 

Feld, M.S. Biomedical Raman Spectroscopy Basic and Clinical Applications. In Eastern Analytical Symposium Somerset, NJ USA 19 November 2003. 

Heise, H.M. Clinical applications of mid- and near-infrared spectroscopy. In Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Materials Gremlich, H.-U., Yan, B., Eds. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 2000 259-322. 

Mainly three types of oxygen sensors are used in clinical applications. Whereas the two electrochemical types have the largest market shares [12], paramagnetic sensors as the third type are important in combination with IR sensors for sidestream multi-gas analysis in anesthesia monitoring. Real multi-gas sensors such as mass spectrometers or Raman spectrometers are of minor importance. 

Industrial applications of Raman imaging fiberscope technology include remote sensing, waste tank inspection, in situ corrosion analysis, and reactor vessel monitoring. Potential clinical applications include minimally invasive optical biopsy. 

Figure 3 Fiber-optic Raman probe for clinical applications developed by Mahadevan-Jansen et al. [21]. Details in text. (Reproduced from Ref. 21 by permission of the American Society for Photobiology.)...

As described in this chapter, Raman spectroscopy can provide unique information regarding the molecular composition of tissues and the changes therein caused by disease or chemical/pharmaceutical challenges. It is also clear that there exist no serious technological obstacles for the in vivo application of the technique, which means that the investigation of many potential clinical applications is within reach. The fact that for many of these applications it will prove necessary to establish extensive databases of tissue spectra, which represent all the spectral variance that can be encountered in practice, calls for rigorous standardization with respect to experimental conditions and instrument calibrations. It should be possible to construct databases on one or a few instruments that will form the... 

This chapter is focused on coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy as NLO imaging techniques. It reviews design and application of CARS microscopy and its combination with other NLO techniques. Advantages, challenges, and recent developments are discussed in order to demonstrate the potential for clinical applications. 

See also Fibre Optic Probes in Optical Spectroscopy, Clinical Applications Light Sources and Optics Raman Optical Activity, Applications Raman Optical Activity, Theory Raman Spectrometers Vibrational CD Spectrometers. 

The Raman effect has also been broadly applied to online and bench-top quantitative applications, such as determination of pharmaceutical materials and process monitoring [4-6], in vivo clinical measurements [7], biological materials [8, 9], to name only a few. Because the absolute Raman response is difficult to measure accurately (sample presentation and delivered laser power can vary), these measurements are almost always calculated as a percentage with respect to the response from an internal standard. This standard is typically part of the sample matrix in a drug product, the standard may be an excipient in a biological sample, it is commonly water. 

Y. Guan, E. N. Lewis, and I. W. Levin, Biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy Tissue differentiation and potential clinical usage, in Analytical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy (M. J. Pelletier, ed.), Chap. 7. Blackwell Science, Oxford, England, 1999. 

Q. Yan, "Applications of Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to Complexes of Biological and Clinical Significance I. High-Valent Oxo- and Nitridometalloporphyrins II. pu-Oxo Vanadium(III) Dimers III. Antitumor Drug-DNA Intercalators, PhD. Dissertation, University of Houston, 1996. 

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