Biologic results

Since the pioneer work by Merigan in 1967 [1], many kinds of synthetic or natural polyanionic polymers have been examined for their biological activities [2-8], such as cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, antitumor activity, and immunomodulating activity. Although the biological results were interesting, the extent of activity for clinical application was still low. 

This early biological result spurred a variety of biochemical studies of the interactions of various polyamides with the basal transcription machinery and TE-DNA complexes. Two studies have used promoter scanning to identify sites where polyamide binding inhibits transcription [64, 65]. The method uses a series of DNA constructs with designed polyamide binding sites at varying distances from... 

By virtue of promising preliminary biological results indicating that tri- and tetravalent glycoclusters constitute potent inhibitors of bacterial binding, which fitted particularly well into the CRD of bacterial lectins (especially for mannose-specific adhesion) straightforward syntheses of low-valency glycoclusters were initiated. 

Based on biological results, a series of carbohydrate-photosensitiser conjugates in position 3 was prepared and biologically evaluated.68... 

Since the use of human plasma as a model for skin esterases is debatable, the relevance of the biological results in Table 8.6 need validation as far as skin delivery is concerned. Indeed, permeation experiments across excised human skin showed that administration of prodrugs markedly improved the cutaneous delivery of nalidixic acid, with complete hydrolysis of the (acyl-oxy)methyl esters and significant, albeit incomplete, hydrolysis of the methyl and carbamoylmethyl esters [64],... 

Schwendener RA, et al. 5 -0-palmitoyl- and 3, 5 -0-dipalmitoyl-5-fluoro-2 -deoxyuridine-novel lipophilic analogues of 5 -fluoro-2 -deoxyuridine synthesis, incorporation into liposomes and preliminary biological results. Biochem Bio-phys Res Commun 1985 126 660. 

The quality of the compound collection is one key to high quality biological results. DMSO is a widely used solvent and many studies dealing with the long-term storage of compounds in this solvent have been conducted. The important parameters to maintain stability and concentration are Freeze/thaw cycles, storage temperature and duration, container material, humidity, and oxygen. 

At the turn of the nineteenth century, methods became available for the isolation of active principles from crude drugs. The development of chemistry made it possible to isolate and synthesize chemically pure compounds that would give reproducible biological results. In 1806, Serturner (1783-1841) isolated the first pure active principle when he purified morphine from the opium poppy. Many other chemically pure active compounds were soon obtained from crude drug preparations, including emetine by Pelletier (1788-1844) from ipecacuanha root quinine by Carentou (1795-1877) from cinchona bark strychnine by Magendie (1783-1855) from nux vomica and, in 1856, cocaine by Wohler (1800-1882) from coca. 

Broocks A, Pigott TA, Canter S, et al Acute administration of ondansetron and M-CPP in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and controls behavioural and biological results. Biol Psychiatry 31 174A, 1992... 

Of course, specialized materials constitute only one aspect of chemical engineering in the life sciences. The term life sciences has become about as vague as the term biotechnology. But in the industrial context life sciences for the chemical engineer can be divided into at least two areas processes to synthesize compounds and systems applied for biological results. 

Biological results published during the past ten years concerning the in vitro10 13 and in vivo14 15 activity of ketonucleosides themselves have... 

Biological results will be discussed in those cases where the analogue has significant activity in tumour systems relative to MTX or AP. 

To commemorate the publication of the twenty-fifth volume of this Series, we have chosen six chapters covering a wide range of topics, from the latest in medicinal products to the usefulness of different types of evaluation of biological results. 

Tertiary a-hydroxy acids are key components of a number of muscarinic receptor antagonists, such as oxybutynin (Ditropan as a racemic mixture), which is prescribed for the treatment of urinary incontinence and exhibits classical antimuscarinic side effects, such as dry mouth.88 Because biological results suggested that (.SVoxybutynin displayed an improved therapeutic profile compared to its racemic counterpart, a general and practical entry to optically pure key subunit (S)-90 became of primary importance.89 In their investigations, researchers at Sepracor considered the advantage... 

The preferred mode of preparation for both mixture and split synthesis libraries is the solid phase. Both polymer matrices or pins and resin beads have been used. The solid-phase approach is preferred because of its simplicity and ease of purification and isolation of the reaction products. Unlike the spatially addressable library when structure is defined by position in a set of reaction vessels, the structure of interesting library members prepared by mixture or split synthesis must be defined by highly sensitive analytical methods or indirectly by encoding or by biological results combined with resynthesis, the so-called deconvolution method. 

---