Clinical applications vaccination

A foil discussion of each of the above categories of biological medicines and related agents covered by each of the categories is beyond the scope of this brief essay. However, ImmunoFacts is the most current and comprehensive collection of immunologic and vaccine information and is continuously updated for clinical application, including side effects [5]. 

In 1995, scientists at Scripps Research Institute reported the development of a vaccine that elicits antibodies to cocaine. The nature of the antigen is a cocaine analog bound covalently to a protein with a Monty Python-like name, keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Administration of the complex resulted in a reduction of the psychoactive response to subsequently administered cocaine. In experiments in rats, the antibodies bound cocaine in the bloodstream and prevented the drug from crossing the blood-brain barrier. A potential clinical application would be to immunize cocaine abusers... 

The further development and clinical application of DNA vaccines are hampered by serious limitations. DNA vaccines based on naked DNA plasmids are weak immunogens, due to a number of reasons. DNA molecules without protection are quickly degraded by nucleases or hydrolysis in vivo. 

Preclinical Results and Clinical Applications. Both pDNA- and mRNA-based vaccinations were demonstrated to be efflcacious in animal models as prophylactic or therapeutic immunotherapies against tumors, infectious diseases, and allergy. Two pDNA-based vaccines are commercialized for veterinary use an anti-equine fever and an anti-infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) for farm-raised salmons. In humans, several formulations of nucleic acid vaccines are tested in clinical trials (see the actualized list of trials at www.clinicaltrials.gov). Although pDNA-based vaccine trials were reported in the context of antitumor, antivirus (HIV, influenza virus, HBV) and antiparasite Plasmodium falciparum) approaches, mRNA-based vaccines were up to now tested only as immunotherapies against cancer (review by Liu and Ulmer for pDNA [35] and Pascolo for mRNA [36]). 

Modern biotechnology has resulted in the production of a great variety of pharmaceutically active proteins (1). Recent statistics show that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 130 biotechnology-derived protein medicines and vaccines (2). The unfavorable biopharmaceutical properties of these protein drugs, however, have severely hampered their therapeutic and clinical application. First of... 

Cranmer LD, Trevor KT, Hersh EM. Clinical applications of dendritic cell vaccination in the treatment of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004 53 275-306. 

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