Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications

Interest in the development of synthetic schemes and approaches to create molecular recognition elements has blossomed during the past half century for a number of reasons. In contrast to biologically based receptors, artificial mimics have the potential advantages of being less costly, more stable, and better able to withstand harsher conditions.7-12 Furthermore, synthetic methodologies can be used to create receptors for molecules for which an artificial receptor does not exist. These designer materials have enormous potential in catalysis, clinical and pharmaceutical applications, chemical sensors, separation science, and electronics.7-12... 

The widest application of electronic noses and tongues is in the food industry in areas as varied as quality control, process operations, taste studies, and identification of flavor and aroma [3]. All of these areas are discussed in this chapter. In addition, electronic noses are finding use in environmental applications such as the analysis of fuel mixtures, identification of toxic wastes, and the detection of oil leaks [2], Electronic tongues are also now being applied in environmental areas such as analysis of natural waters and detection of heavy metals. Both devices are also being more widely used in clinical and pharmaceutical applications, and several of these will be highlighted. 

Recent advances in the design and fabrication of chemical and biological sensors for toxicity evaluation are summarized in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 discusses the applications of electronic noses and tongues in areas such as food, beverage, environmental, clinical, and pharmaceutical applications. Chapter 7 overviews the applications of sensors in food and environmental analysis. Chapter 8 focuses on the medical diagnosis, with particular emphasis on in-vivo measurement where either body or breath odor are collected and analyzed. Chapter 9 outlines the DNA biosensors that hold great promise for the task of environmental control and monitoring. 

Clinical and pharmaceutical applications of electroanalytical methods are also numerous and they have been accorded an established status in these laboratories. 

See FLOW ANALYSIS Overview. FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS Principles Instrumentation Detection Techniques Environmental and Agricultural Applications Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications Industrial Applications. SEGMENTED FLOW ANALYSIS. SEQUENTIAL INJECTION ANALYSIS... 

Environmental and Agricultural Applications Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications Industrial Applications... 

FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS/ Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications 77... 

FLOW INJECTION ANALYSIS/Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications 81... 

The development of potentiometric detectors based on ion-selective electrodes continues to expand the scope of clinical and pharmaceutical applications of FIA. The small surface area of the sensor avoids adsorption problems and extends the service life of the electrode. The surface can be readily renewed periodically by alternating the washing cycles with the sampling cycles. The selectivity thus achieved is usually very good as it relies on differences in the... 

Fluorescence spectroscopy has reached a prominent position among the detection systems used in conjunction with separation techniques, mainly liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). The literature abormds with references to clinical and pharmaceutical applications of LC with fluorimetric detection. Thus, as can be seen in... 

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