Practical Clinical Applications

Because 2D-PAGE and MS patterns can be used to differentiate between healthy and cancer patients, the proteins in these spectra contain tumor markers. If they could be isolated and identified, they would be useful for innumerable purposes, most notably for early detection. If a tumor marker can warn of the presence of disease at an early stage, before the cancer can be visualized using imaging studies, this would increase the chances of treating at a curative stage. 

Many tumor markers have been identified in recent years since the improvements in proteomic technologies. For example, one study analyzed human serum with 2D-PAGE and MALDI-TOF-MS to identify a distinct repertoire of autoantibodies associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. These proteins differentiated the cancer patients from those chronically infected with hepatitis B or C, which constitute a high-risk group for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, proteomic-based technology was used to identify a set of four proteins that may have utility in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma [87]. 

Although efforts are underway to identify markers in serum and prostate tissue, the question arose as to whether metastatic prostate cancer cell lines accurately represent in vivo disease. It was found that in vitro cell cultures (LnCaP and PC3) shared less than 20% of proteins when compared to in vivo LCM procured malignant prostate cancer. 2D-PAGE protein profiles were used to compare normal and malignant cells to immortalized cells from the same patient. Protein expression patterns were dramatically altered when cells were grown in culture and immortalized most notably, a loss of prostate specific antigen expression was observed [18]. Thus, caution must be used when working with immortalized cell lines to discover potential disease markers. 

Differential diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease currently depends on organ biopsy to distinguish it from other common complications associated with transplantation. As a means of avoiding repeated biopsies, one group analyzed the urine of patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation 

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Miller, P.D., et al., "Practical Clinical Application of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover," /. Clin. Densitometry 2, 323-342 (1999). 

In this chapter, we review some of the practical clinical applications of genetic research. Once a gene is identified, it becomes feasible to diagnose the associate genetic disease in at-risk individuals. In addition, gene therapy, the correction of mutations in cells, becomes a possibility. 

Bolton, S. Pharmaceutical Statistics Practical Clinical Applications, third edition Marcel Dekker (1998). 

Any practical clinical application of noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy demands selective quantification of the targeted matrix component. For spectroscopic... 

Miller PD, Baran DT, Bilezhdan JP, Greenspan SL, Lindsay R, Riggs BL, et al Practical clinical application of biochemical markers of bone turnover consensus of an expert panel. J Clin Densitom 1999 2 323-42. 

Presently, new antiproliferative alkaloids are developed by the chemical synthesis. Chaudhary et al. report that eight such compounds were synthesized and their anticancer activity with 60 different cell lines was evaluated and described. Some of them show promise for future applications. This direction of study is preferred by many laboratories. An analogue of the natural alkaloid curcumin (A2) was developed and its antiproliferative activity is reported to be much stronger than curcumin. Practical clinical applications can be developed in the future with this S5mthetic alkaloid. 

Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy Practical Clinical Applications 4th Revised Edition Edited by S. H. Levitt, J. A. Purdy,... 

We have applied these methods to measurement of angiograms performed in patients who attend our clinic for hyperlipoproteinemia (7). We have compared these measurements to results of a series of postmortem examinations (8,9). The measurements obtained postmortem and those found in vivo indicate the technique has practical clinical application. 

Bolton, S., Outlier Tests and Chemical Assays, Appendix V in Pharmaceutical Statistics, Practical and Clinical Applications, Bolton, Sanford, 3rd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997. 

Pharmaceutical Statistics Practical and Clinical Applications, Sanford Bolton... 

The potential of the chemically modified nucleic acid molecules has been proven by in vitro studies however, the in vivo therapeutic applicability of these molecules seems to be unsatisfactory because of their possible toxic effects (largely unknown) and adverse bioavailability. In this view, both antisense and transfection technologies require reliable and efficient systems for their delivery into target cells. On the basis of this consideration, the development of an efficient nucleic acid delivery system represents one of the key steps for these therapeutic agents, which are necessary for a practical clinical utilization of natural or unnatural oligonucleotides. 

Jonasch, E. and Haluska, F. 2001. Interferon in oncological practice review of interferon biology, clinical applications and toxicities. Oncologist 6(1), 34-55. 

I.6.I. Radioactive Isotopes. The administration of isotopically labeled drugs is now commonplace in the experimental pharmacology of every new therapeutic agent (K18, M4) but has little or no clinical application. It often provides much of the initial information about the pharmacokinetics upon which subsequent clinical practice depends, but... 

The overview material for each chapter, written by individuals with extensive knowledge and practical experience, provides invaluable insight. The properties, characteristics, and clinical application of each biopharmaceutical are discussed in... 

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