Matrix clinical applications

Proteins Growth Factors BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix Clinical Applications Challenges and Opportunities Acknowledgments References... 

Clinical Applications Perhaps the area in which ion-selective electrodes receive the widest use is in clinical analysis, where their selectivity for the analyte in a complex matrix provides a significant advantage over many other analytical methods. The most common analytes are electrolytes, such as Na+, K+, Ca +, H+, and Ch, and dissolved gases, such as CO2. For extracellular fluids, such as blood and urine, the analysis can be made in vitro with conventional electrodes, provided that sufficient sample is available. Some clinical analyzers place a series of ion-selective electrodes in a flow... 

Center for Healthcare Technologies at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, potentially capable to measure pH at or near the stroke site29. The probe is the distal end of a 125 pm fibre tapered up to a diameter of 50 pm. A fluorescent pH-indicator, seminaphthorhodamine-1-carboxylate, is embedded inside a silica sol-gel matrix which is fixed to the fibre tip. Excitation of the dye takes place at 533 nm and the emission in correspondence of the acid (580 nm) and basic (640 nm) bands are separately detected. The use of this ratiometric technique obviates worrying about source fluctuations, which have the same effects on the two detected signals. The pH sensor developed was first characterised in the laboratory, where it showed fast response time (of the order of tens of seconds) and an accuracy of 0.05 pH units, well below the limit of detection necessary for this clinical application (0.1 pH units). The pH sensor was also tested in vivo on rats, by placing the pH sensor in the brain of a Spraque-Dawley rat at a depth of approximately 5 mm30. 

Any practical clinical application of noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy demands selective quantification of the targeted matrix component. For spectroscopic... 

An additional hindrance to the use of neutron activation analysis - especially in case of clinical applications - is the long delay between the collection of a sample and the final calculation of the result. Indeed, in extreme analysis - more particularly when long-lived radioisotopes are involved - Irradiation periods of several days, even up to a couple of weeks, and measuring periods of tens of hours per sample are often required to attain the desired radioactivity. During the irradiation, matrix elements or major components become intensely radioactive so that long cooling periods - weeks - may be necessary to allow undesirable isotopes to decay. Fortunately, for some elements, there are several alternatives e.g., selenium can not only be quantified via its Se (ti/2 = 119.770 d) (Versieck et al.. 1977) but also via its 86 (ti/2 = 57.3 min) (Heydorn and Damsgaard, 1973) or, even, via its radioisotope (ti/2 = 17.5 s) (Dickson and Tomlinson, 1967 Hahn et... 

MEASUREMENT OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES (MMPS) AND TISSUE INHIBITORS OF METALLOPROTEINASES (TIMP) IN BLOOD AND URINE POTENTIAL CLINICAL APPLICATIONS... 

See also Capillary Electrophoresis Overview. Electrophoresis Principles Isotachophoresis Isoelectric Focusing Polyacrylamide Gels Two-Dimensional Gels Affinity Techniques Blotting Techniques Clinical Applications. Mass Spectrometry Overview Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight. 

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