Phenotyping clinical applications

Evans RT. 1986. Cholinesterase phenotyping Clinical aspects and laboratory applications. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 23 35-64. 

Although host defense peptide resistance has remained rare within microbes, concerns have been raised regarding the potential for clinical applications of peptides to provoke peptide-resistant phenotypes. Indeed, the introduction of antibiotics as novel microbial eradicators was met almost instantaneously with bacteria that had manifested various forms of resistance. Thus, precautions should be taken with potential therapeutic application of host defense peptides to minimize similar resistance as seen with antibiotics. Many bacterial species rely on the use of two-component sensory systems to invoke phenotypes that increase virulence and recently one such system, the Salmonella PhoPQ system, has been demonstrated to respond directly to host defense peptides. ... 

Other clinical applications of SNP reflect correlation between phenotype and reaction to therapy (pharmacogenomics). SNP is the basis for ushering in the personalized medicine. For example, an SNP in the gene for iV-acetyl transferase is correlated with peripheral neuropathy (weakness, numbness and pain in the arms, legs, hands and feet) as the side effect of treatment for tuberculosis with isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide). Therefore patients with this SNP are given alternative treatment. 

However, there is both research and clinical evidence showing nanometer particles released from calcium phosphates may largely impair the abihty of BMSCs to proliferate and mature into a functional osteoblast phenotype [64]. This opposite evidence indicates that more and thorough research on utilizing stem cell and calcium phosphate nanoparticle for bone repair and regeneration is required before possible clinical applications. 

Introduction The Problem Fundamentals (PGx and Pharmacology) Modeling and Clinical Applications Future Extensions of Genotype-Phenotype Modeling Summary References... 

Fig. 1. Work flow and purpose of cancer profeomics. Profeomic profiles of fumor fissues are infegrated wifh clinico-pafhological data to identify the proteomic aberrations governing cancer phenotypes. The goals of cancer proteomics are understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer diversity and developing applications of potential clinical benefit.

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