Biological clinical applications

Jonasch, E. and Haluska, F. 2001. Interferon in oncological practice review of interferon biology, clinical applications and toxicities. Oncologist 6(1), 34-55. 

Mass spectrometry in conjunction with gas chromatography will become increasingly used in biological-clinical applications. 

Jonasch E and Haluska EG. Interferon in Oncological Practice Review of Interferon Biology, Clinical Applications, andToxicities. Oncologist 6 34-55, 2001. 

Since the pioneer work by Merigan in 1967 [1], many kinds of synthetic or natural polyanionic polymers have been examined for their biological activities [2-8], such as cytotoxicity, antiviral activity, antitumor activity, and immunomodulating activity. Although the biological results were interesting, the extent of activity for clinical application was still low. 

A foil discussion of each of the above categories of biological medicines and related agents covered by each of the categories is beyond the scope of this brief essay. However, ImmunoFacts is the most current and comprehensive collection of immunologic and vaccine information and is continuously updated for clinical application, including side effects [5]. 

Most known cannabimimetics today have very broad effects on organ systems, several of which are still not completely delineated. The ubiquitous pharmacology of cannabimimetics is one of the reasons for the failure, thus far, of the clinical application of these drugs to reach its full potential. The sections that follow summarize the effects of cannabinergics on the various physiological systems and the possible therapeutic uses that may arise from these biological activities. 

Blakesley VA, Butler AA, Koval AP, Okubo Y, LeRoith D 1999 IGF-I receptor function transducing the IGF-I signal into intracellular events. In RG Rosenfeld, CT Roberts (eds) The IGF system Molecular biology, physiology and clinical applications. Humana Press, New Jersey, p 143-163... 

Wang JF, Li PP et al. Signal transduction abnormalities in bipolar disorder in Bipolar Disorder Biological Models and their Clinical Application (Joffe RT and Young LT, Eds), Marcel Dekker, New York 1997, pp 41-79. 

Furie, B., and Furie, B., in Adhesion Molecules and Cell Signaling Biology and Clinical Applications (W. Siess, R. Lorenz, and P. Weber Eds.), p. 93. Raven Press, New York (1995). 

Komschlies, K.L., Grzegorzewski, K.J., and Wiltrout, R.H. 1995. Diverse immunological and haematological effects of interleukin-7 implications for clinical application. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 58, 623-631. 

Medkalf, D. 1995. Haemopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors From Biology to Clinical Applications. Cambridge University Press. 

Kondo, M., Wagers, A. J., Manz, M. G. et al. Biology of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors implications for clinical application. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21 759-806, 2002. 

Since the origin, the most efficient source of drugs and biological active molecules is Nature. As reported by Newman and Cragg in a recent review [1], at least 25-30% of New Chemical Entities (NCE) going under study for pharmaceutical and clinical applications are primarily derived from Nature (N) or Natural Derived (ND), while only 30% are merely synthetic, as reported in Figure 2. 

The regulatory process is the filing of an IND for clinical trials. At the conclusion of clinical trials, the Sponsor files a Biological License Application (BLA) for marketing approval. The CBER evaluates a biologic in terms of risk versus benefits before approving it for marketing. 

Reid CD The biology and clinical applications of dendritic cells. Transfus Med 1998 8 77-86. 

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