Polymerase chain reaction clinical applications

DNA analysis, performance of polymerase chain reactions, clinical assays for pH, enzymes, proteins, oxygen etc., trace pollution monitoring and other sorts of biological analyzes are at the focus of recent developments [5]. Another reference lists environmental monitoring (including speciation), clinical monitoring, and quality control in production processes as applications of pTAS equipment in chemical analysis [30]. 

Kaneko, S., et al. (1990). Detection of hepatitis B vims DNA in semm by polymerase chain reaction. Application for clinical diagnosis. Gastrology 99,799-804. 

M. G. Roper, C. J. Easley, and J. P. Landers, Advances in Polymerase Chain Reaction on Microfluidic Chips, Anal. Chem. 2005, 77, 3887 K. D. Dorfman, M. Chabert, J.-H. Codarbox, G. Rousseau, P. de Cremoux, and J.-L. Vtovy, Contamination-Free Continuous Flow Microfluidic Polymerase Chain Reaction for Quantitative and Clinical Applications, Anal. Chem 2005,... 

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), on the other hand, has several advantages it can be used to analyze small numbers of tumor cells, DNA from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue can be used, and it can be automated and standardized. Quantitative PCR techniques are currently being assessed for their clinical application to HF.R-2 DNA testing (Vona et al., 1999). However, presently the PCR technology is not optimally suited for routine, clinical application (see next section for details of quantitative analysis of HER-2Ineu expression). 

While a wide range of opportunities exist, such as environmental, clinical, and trace analysis, the principal application for labs-on-a-chip is in the analysis of biological samples. The miniaturized dimensions allow extremely small sample volumes to be analyzed, and a microchip format can allow chemical reaction, mixing, sample manipulation, and multiplexing to be performed. Single-cell analysis, immunoassays, protein and peptide separations, DNA analysis and sequencing, and polymerase chain reactions have all been performed on microchip devices [48]. 

In the 6 years that have elapsed since the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was published it has had a major impact on medical research (E6, M8, M9, SI). Previous reviews (E3, Gl, P2, W7, W9) have focused on its clinical applications in diagnosing viral and genetic diseases, and several books (E4, E5, II) provide detailed protocols appropriate for the research laboratory. 

Y4. Yoshioka, S., Fujiwara, Y., Sugita, Y., Okada, Y., Yano, M., Tamura, S., et al.. Realtime rapid reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis Clinical application for cervical lymph node dissection in esophageal cancers. Surgery 132, 34-40 (2002). 

Kuroda, T, Saeki, M. et al. (1997) Clinical application of minimal residual neuroblastoma cell detection by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. 

The analysis of DNA by CE represents one of the best examples for application of this technique in clinical analysis where the low cost, the full automation, and the speed of analysis compared to the slab gels accelerated the implementation of this technique in sequencing the human genome. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the Genome project, viral detection, blood transfusion safety, and forensic identification are all pushing the widespread use of DNA analysis especially by CE further than most investigators have expected. 

See also Capillary Electrophoresis Clinical Applications. Forensic Sciences DNA Profiling. Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies. Mass Spectrometry Polymerase Chain Reaction Products. Nucleic Acids Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods. 

See also Capillary Electrophoresis Overview Clinical Applications. DNA Sequencing. Electrophoresis Overview. Polymerase Chain Reaction. 

See also Immunoassays Overview. Immunoassays, Applications Clinical. Immunoassays, Techniques Radioimmunoassays Enzyme Immunoassays. Polymerase Chain Reaction. 

Archaeological Applications Clinical Applications Environmental Applications Food Applications Forensic Applications Gas Analysis Peptides and Proteins Polymerase Chain Reaction Products... 

See also. Chemiluminescence Oven/iew. Derivatiza-tion of Analytes. Electrophoresis Oven/iew. Enzymes Oven/iew Immobiiized Enzymes Enzyme-Based Eiec-trodes Enzymes in Physioiogicai Sampies Industriai Products and Processes Enzyme-Based Assays. Fluorescence Clinical and Drug Applications. Immunoassays Overview Production of Antibodies. Immunoassays, Applications Clinical Food Forensic. Immunoassays, Techniques Radioimmunoassays Enzyme Immunoassays Luminescence Immunoassays. Mass Spectrometry Polymerase Chain Reaction Products. Nucleic Acids Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Methods Electrochemical Methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction. 

Okamoto, H., Y. Sugiyama, et al. (1992). "Typing hepatitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction with type-specific primers application to clinical surveys and tracing infectious sources." J Gen Virol 73 ( Pt 3) 673-679. 

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