Further Research

Research tends to open more new questions than it answers. Therefore, at the end of this extensive project, there is a long list of areas where further research is needed. The list was divided into two areas, (i) fundamentals, and (ii) process design evaluadon. 

Further development of these methods will allow the examination of structural effects of systems, such as iron oxyhydroxides or natural organics, on filtration behaviour. In this thesis it was shown that there are structural effects, but their quantification for these systems (that is, oxyhydroxide floes and organic-calcium aggregates) was not possible. 

While methods exist to observe in situ deposition of visible, supermicron particles, these methods need to be further developed for applications to submicron colloids. The observation of deposition of such colloids, their structure and conformation, as well as the properties of the deposit formed cannot be observed in situ at this stage. Measuring these characteristics in situ is important due to the effect shear has on particle size, shape and deposition. 

very little is known about the heterogeneous nature of membrane surfaces. While average parameters such as zeta potential and surface roughness can be measured, the nature and distribution of sites is unknown. This black box treatment of membranes limits the application of sophisticated methods of surface analysis. Adsorption studies generally yield only vague insight into possible mechanisms. 

More chemical speciation work is needed with the incorporation of various natural organics, complexes, micropollutants and precipitates into the database. Soludon speciation is of pardcular importance in NF. 

A number of problems have arisen in our discussion of the evolution and operation of the sedimentary system of Long Island Sound that remain unresolved. Further field work and analysis are needed on these. We summarize below some of the more interesting ones. 

It is likely that the older till found in Connecticut extends underneath the Sound it may be continuous with some of the tills found on Long Island. Because it is highly compacted, the older till is expected to have a relatively high sound speed. It should show up as a distinct acoustic horizon and it should be possible to trace it under the Sound by acoustic methods. Data on the distribution of the older till would be most helpful in the interpretation of the early glacial history of the Long Island Sound basin. 

The principal uncertainty in the determination of the amount of sediment entering the Sound arises from a lack of information about the composition of the materials being eroded from the north shore or Long Island. Field work and sampling along this shore are needed. Before it is incorporated into the permanent bottom of the Sound, sediment is available for resuspension for a number of years. The amount and frequency of resuspension depends on both physical and biological factors, which can 

I thank Henry Bokuniewicz, Walter Newman, and J. P. Schafer for valuable comments on topics discussed in this chapter. 

Factors influencing vascular plant zonation in North Carolina salt marshes. Ecology 44, 445-456. 

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A much more forgiving yet limited extraction method can be used to isolate phenol species such as eugenol and chavicol. You see farther back in this chapter where one can use dilute NaOH to remove eugenol from sassafras oil Well, why not use it to isolate the damn things for further research. It works like a charm ... 

In business transactions the parties should have a clear understanding of exactly what constitutes trade secret information and consider how the information will be used and who will retain ownership rights. If the transaction is a pure and simple sale, concerns over ownership may be meritless. However, such concerns might be weU-founded, if further research or commercial development involves similar information. It may also be necessary to consider whether the seUer should be allowed to compete against the buyer in ventures involving the same or related information. These are just some of the issues which arise with the sale of the trade secrets. 

Further research directed toward optimizing bleach sequences, as well as development of biotechnologies to produce other enzymes that can directly delignify pulps with high specificity of action, can be expected. 

These equations are based on the thermodynamically stable species. Further research is needed to clarify the actual intermediate formed during overcharge. In reahty, the oxygen cycle can not be fully balanced because of other side reactions, that include gtid corrosion, formation of residual lead oxides in the positive electrode, and oxidation of organic materials in the cell. As a result, some gases, primarily hydrogen and carbon dioxide (53), are vented. 

A problem arises in using platelet reinforcements if their naturally mechanically weak crystallographic direction is aligned perpendicular to the crack front. The platelets easily fracture in this orientation. Further research is needed to grow platelets with favorable crystallographic orientations. 

A final area of research focuses on how the piU. can best be used by women. Physicians used to recommend pid-free hoHdays, but it is now known that there is no vaUd reason for this practice. Similarly, further research indicated that the U.S. EDA s restrictive guidelines for prescribing the piU. to women over the age of 35 are not justified, and those guidelines have been changed. EinaHy it is clear that cigarette smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular side effects, especially in women over 35 who utilize combination oral contraceptives. 

Preliminary Estimates of Repeatability. Initial estimates of repeatabihty should be obtained before embarking on any significant test program. Such information may be available from previous testing if it is not, vaUd preliminary mns should be conducted at different times under supposedly identical conditions. If these mns result in large variabiUty in performance, the important variables that affect the results have not been identified, and further research may be needed before the proposed experiment can commence. 

This on-going research aims at a) environmental monitoring and b) the development, after further research and collaboration with an instrument manufacturer, of a prototype portable flow toxicity meter as an early warning system for pollution. 

Further research was needed to confirm the existence and severity of the reported adverse trends in the reproductive health of both humans and wildlife. 

As further research on fullerenes and carbon nanotubes materials is carried out, it is expected, because of the extreme properties exhibited by these carbon-based materials, that other interesting physics and chemistry will be discovered, and that promising applications will be found for fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and related materials. 

Next generation machines will impose inereasingly greater thermal loads on their PFCs. High thermal conductivity CFC materials may offer a solution to the high-heat loads, but further research is needed to overeome the problems noted above and to assure the place of earbon materials in future fusion power reaetors. 

A small percentage of the population may be sensitive to a number of chemicals in indoor air, each of which may occur at very low concentrations. The existence of this condition, which is known as multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), is a matter of considerable controversy. MCS is not currently recognized by the major medical organizations. Medical opinion is divided, and further research is needed. The applicability of access for the disabled and worker s compensation regulations to... 

Much of this chemistry is still at an early stage of research, and there are few, if any, commercial applications. However, the potential environmental and safety benefits of these and other innovative chemical synthesis techniques will encourage further research and development. 

These Monographs are intended to serve two principal purposes first, to make available to chemists a thorough treatment of a selected area in a form usable by persons working in more or less unrelated fields so that they may correlate their own work with a larger area of physical science and second, to stimulate further research in the specific field treated. To implement this purpose the authors of Monographs give extended references to the literature. 

The objective of this book is to review and correlate in depth the synthetic, mechanistic, and physical properties of enamines. This has been done by surveying the field from eight different perspectives. Since these perspectives have certain common areas between them, and since it seemed desirable to allow each contributor to tell his story in its fullest scope and in his own style, there is some overlapping of material between the chapters. However, it is hoped that the difference of viewpoints and context in which this material appears in these chapters will provide the reader with fresh insights and stimulate further research. 

The incompleteness of the other data precludes generalization. However, a few apparent inconsistencies may be indicated to stimulate further research. Insertion of another aza group into 2-chloroquinoline causes the reactivity sequence o >m (reaction with piperidine) or, even, o reaction with CgHsO"), involving only relatively small factors and, in any case, in sharp contrast with the above-mentioned effects on 2-chloropyridine as a substrate. Further, meta-aza activation in all cases involving the ethoxide ion is fairly strong suggest-... 

But further researches on the chemistry of citral caused him later to support the formula—... 

Environmental consequences of combustion are still a high priority requiring investigation of the chemistry and process effects on the emissions. Effective means of eliminating the pollutants is also a subject of further research. 

The importance of coal as an energy source motivates further research into the combustion characteristics and chemical kinetics of both coal and the material that remains after devolatization, char. Furrher research will aid in making coal a cleaner and more efficient energy source. 

An octane rating scale was devised for fuels to quantify their knock resistance. Further research led to cataloguing the antiknock qualities of the myriad individual hydrocarbon species found in gasoline. 

There are surely difficulties even with this claim. Would not the most telling evidence in fact be instances in research articles of explicit assertions by scientists that what especially recommended Mendeleev s scheme to its author as a basis for further research was that scheme s success in predicting the properties of new elements ... 

Some fluorine-ion conductors exhibit high ionic conductivities, even at room temperature [4], which are not equaled by other halide-ion conductors. However, there is a lack of known electrode materials. Further research on this topic is very worthwhile. 

The successful clinical application of RTK-based therapeutics in the last 8 years instigates further research to generate the next generation drugs. Thus, antisense RNAs or dominant-negative receptor mutants are being tested for their ability to reduce receptor expression. 

VEGF inhibitors have demonstrated a marked clinical benefit also in wet AMD. Blockade of all VEGF-A isoforms and bioactive fragmemts with ranibizumab not only slowed down vision loss, but unexpectedly appears to have the potential to enable many AMD patients to obtain a meaningful and sustained gain of vision. Further research is needed to determine whether the vision gain conferred by ranibizumab extends beyond 24 months and whether additional intraocular neovascular syndromes may benefit from this treatment. 

One final point should be made. The observation of significant solvent effects on kp in homopolymerization and on reactivity ratios in copolymerization (Section 8.3.1) calls into question the methods for reactivity ratio measurement which rely on evaluation of the polymer composition for various monomer feed ratios (Section 7.3.2). If solvent effects arc significant, it would seem to follow that reactivity ratios in bulk copolymerization should be a function of the feed composition.138 Moreover, since the reaction medium alters with conversion, the reactivity ratios may also vary with conversion. Thus the two most common sources of data used in reactivity ratio determination (i.e. low conversion composition measurements and composition conversion measurements) are potentially flawed. A corollary of this statement also provides one explanation for any failure of reactivity ratios to predict copolymer composition at high conversion. The effect of solvents on radical copolymerization remains an area in need of further research. 

In Section I, a qualitative schematic description of the main connection between increased agitation intensity and increased total mass-transfer rate was given. It can readily be seen from this description that further research in gas and liquid flow patterns and in the area of relative bubble velocities in dispersions will contribute to the basic knowledge necessary for understand ing the real mechanisms occurring in these systems. 

Abstract For many years after its discovery, olefin metathesis was hardly used as a synthetic tool. This situation changed when well-defined and stable carbene complexes of molybdenum and ruthenium were discovered as efficient precatalysts in the early 1990s. In particular, the high activity and selectivity in ring-closure reactions stimulated further research in this area and led to numerous applications in organic synthesis. Today, olefin metathesis is one of the... 

Polyester thermosets, bodi UPR and alkyd resins, are facing severe regulatory issues for limiting VOC and toxic compound emissions. Although these issues are not new, only pardy satisfying solutions have been proposed until now, and further research is clearly needed in this domain. 

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B vaccines provide another illustration of how drug products have advanced vdth increasing technical capability. Vaccination against hepatitis B is common pradice for health workers, travellers and others who may be at risk of exposure to the virus. The initial vaccines contained inactivated virus to promote the immune response necessary to proted against future infection by the live virus. However, there was always some concern in case there was not complete inactivation of the virus used for vaccination. Further research into the virus identified the surface proteins against which the immune response is raised. The genetic... 

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