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Oxygenated Carbons

Clearly such bonding would produce two different carbon-oxygen bond distances (p. 48) but in fact all bonds are found to be identical and intermediate in length between the expected C=0 and C—O bond distances. We conclude, therefore, that the true structure of the carbonate ion cannot be accurately represented by any one diagram of the type shown and a number of resonance structures are suggested (p. 50). [Pg.44]

Carbon dioxide has a linear structure. The simple double-bonded formula, however, does not fully explain the structure since the measured carbon-oxygen bond lengths are equal but intermediate between those expected for a double and a triple bond. A more accurate representation is, therefore, obtained by considering carbon dioxide as a resonance hybrid of the three structures given below ... [Pg.181]

All the carbon-oxygen bonds are found to be of equal length and intermediate between carbon-oxygen single and double bond length. [Pg.185]

Chlorine reacts with most elements, both metals and non-metals except carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, forming chlorides. Sometimes the reaction is catalysed by a trace of water (such as in the case of copper and zinc). If the element attacked exhibits several oxidation states, chlorine, like fluorine, forms compounds of high oxidation state, for example iron forms iron(III) chloride and tin forms tin(IV) chloride. Phosphorus, however, forms first the trichloride, PCI3, and (if excess chlorine is present) the pentachloride PCI5. [Pg.322]

Carbon-oxygen bonds are formed by the Ullmann reaction (- coupling of aryl halides with copper) which has been varied in alkaloid chemistry to produce diaryl ethers instead of biaryls. This is achieved by the use of CuO in basic media (T. Kametani, 1969 R.W. Dos-kotch, 1971). [Pg.294]

Addition of Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Nucleophiles... [Pg.497]

Lewis s concept of shared electron parr bonds allows for four electron double bonds and SIX electron triple bonds Carbon dioxide (CO2) has two carbon-oxygen double bonds and the octet rule is satisfied for both carbon and oxygen Similarly the most stable Lewis structure for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has a carbon-nitrogen triple bond... [Pg.14]

Recall that the carbon atom of carbon dioxide bears a partial positive charge because of the electron attracting power of its attached oxygens When hydroxide ion (the Lewis base) bonds to this positively polarized carbon a pair of electrons in the carbon-oxygen double bond leaves carbon to become an unshared pair of oxygen... [Pg.47]

Oxidation of carbon corresponds to an increase in the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen or to a decrease in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds Conversely reduction corresponds to an increase in the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds or to a decrease in the number of carbon-oxygen bonds From Table 2 4 it can be seen that each successive increase m oxidation state increases the number of bonds between carbon and oxygen and decreases the number of carbon-hydrogen bonds Methane has four C—H bonds and no C—O bonds car bon dioxide has four C—O bonds and no C—H bonds... [Pg.87]

Carbon-oxygen and carbon-halogen bonds are polar covalent bonds and carbon bears a partial positive charge in alcohols ( " C—0 ) and in alkyl halides ( " C—X ) Alcohols and alkyl halides are polar molecules The dipole moments of methanol and chloromethane are very similar to each other and to water... [Pg.147]

Relatively simple notions of attractive forces between opposite charges are suffi cient to account for many of the properties of chemical substances You will find it help ful to keep the polarity of carbon-oxygen and carbon-halogen bonds m mind as we develop the properties of alcohols and alkyl halides m later sections... [Pg.147]

Primary alcohols do not dehydrate as readily as secondary or tertiary alcohols and their dehydration does not involve a primary carbocation A proton is lost from the (3 carbon m the same step m which carbon-oxygen bond cleavage occurs The mechanism is E2... [Pg.222]

In the acid catalyzed dehydration of 2 methyl 1 propanol what carbocation would be formed if a hydride shift accompanied cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bond in the alkyloxonium lon" What ion would be formed as a result of a methyl shift" Which pathway do you think will predominate a hydnde shift or a methyl shift" ... [Pg.228]

Step 3 Carbon migrates from boron to oxygen displacing hydroxide ion Carbon migrates with the pair of electrons m the carbon-boron bond these become the electrons m the carbon-oxygen bond... [Pg.255]

To understand the effect of a carbonyl group attached directly to the ring consider Its polarization The electrons m the carbon-oxygen double bond are drawn toward oxy gen and away from carbon leaving the carbon attached to the nng with a partial posi tive charge Using benzaldehyde as an example... [Pg.498]

The most obvious way to reduce an aldehyde or a ketone to an alcohol is by hydro genation of the carbon-oxygen double bond Like the hydrogenation of alkenes the reac tion IS exothermic but exceedingly slow m the absence of a catalyst Finely divided metals such as platinum palladium nickel and ruthenium are effective catalysts for the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones Aldehydes yield primary alcohols... [Pg.627]

Neither sodium borohydride nor lithium aluminum hydride reduces isolated carbon-carbon double bonds This makes possible the selective reduction of a carbonyl group m a molecule that contains both carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds... [Pg.631]

Typical carbon-oxygen bond distances m ethers are similar to those of alcohols (—142 pm) and are shorter than carbon-carbon bond distances m alkanes (—153 pm) An ether oxygen affects the conformation of a molecule m much the same way that a CH2 unit does The most stable conformation of diethyl ether is the all staggered anti conformation Tetrahydropyran is most stable m the chair conformation—a fact that has an important bearing on the structures of many carbohydrates... [Pg.667]

Thus epoxides like cyclopropanes have significant angle strain They tend to undergo reactions that open the three membered nng by cleaving one of the carbon-oxygen bonds... [Pg.667]

Their polar carbon-oxygen bonds and the presence of unshared electron pairs at oxygen contribute to the ability of ethers to form Lewis acid Lewis base complexes with metal ions... [Pg.668]

A long standing method for the preparation of ethers is the Williamson ether synthesis Nucleophilic substitution of an alkyl halide by an alkoxide gives the carbon-oxygen bond of an ether... [Pg.672]

Just as the carbon-oxygen bond of alcohols is cleaved on reaction with hydrogen halides (Section 4 8) so too is an ether linkage broken... [Pg.674]

With mixed ethers of the type ROR the question of which carbon-oxygen bond... [Pg.676]

The experimental observations combine with the principles of nucleophilic substi tution to give the picture of epoxide ring opening shown m Figure 16 5 The nucleophile attacks the less crowded carbon from the side opposite the carbon-oxygen bond Bond... [Pg.680]

Step 2 Nucleophilic attack by water on carbon of the oxonium ion The carbon-oxygen bond of the ring is broken in this step and the ring opens... [Pg.682]

Section 16 3 The carbon-oxygen bond of ethers is polar and ethers can act as proton acceptors m hydrogen bonds with water and alcohols... [Pg.692]

FIGURE 17 2 Both (a) ethylene and (b) formal dehyde have the same num ber of electrons and carbon IS sp hybridized in both In formaldehyde one of the carbons is replaced by an sp hybridized oxygen Like the carbon-carbon double bond of ethylene the carbon-oxygen double bond of formaldehyde is com posed of a (T component and a TT component... [Pg.707]

Increased single bond character in a carbonyl group is associated with a decreased carbon—oxygen stretching frequency Among the three compounds benzaldehyde 2 4 6 trimethoxybenzaldehyde and 2 4 6 trinitrobenzaldehyde which one will have the lowest frequency carbonyl absorption" Which one will have the highest" ... [Pg.751]

In these and numerous other simple cases the keto form is more stable than the enol by some 45-60 kJ/mol (11-14 kcal/mol) The chief reason for this difference is that a carbon-oxygen double bond is stronger than a carbon-carbon double bond... [Pg.760]

Aldol condensation offers an effective route to a p unsaturated aldehydes and ketones These compounds have some interesting properties that result from conjugation of the carbon-carbon double bond with the carbonyl group As shown m Figure 18 6 the rr systems of the carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen double bonds overlap to form an extended rr system that permits increased electron delocalization... [Pg.775]

FIGURE 18 7 Nucleophilic addition to a p unsaturated aldehydes and ketones may take place either in a 1 2 or 1 4 manner Direct addition (1 2) occurs faster than conjugate addition (1 4) but gives a less stable product The product of 1 4 addition retains the carbon-oxygen double bond which is in general stronger than a carbon-carbon double bond... [Pg.778]


See other pages where Oxygenated Carbons is mentioned: [Pg.178]    [Pg.326]    [Pg.228]    [Pg.325]    [Pg.385]    [Pg.401]    [Pg.434]    [Pg.23]    [Pg.146]    [Pg.179]    [Pg.208]    [Pg.254]    [Pg.525]    [Pg.563]    [Pg.633]    [Pg.681]    [Pg.681]    [Pg.778]   
See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.236 ]




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1,4-addition of carbon and oxygen

Activated carbon surface oxygen complexes

Activated carbons oxygen surface functionalities

Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds

Addition of Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Nucleophiles

Addition of carbon and oxygen nucleophiles

Addition to carbon-oxygen double

Addition to carbon-oxygene double bonds

Addition to carbon/oxygen double bonds

Alcohols carbon-oxygen bond cleavage

Aldehydes carbon-oxygen double bond

Alpha to Oxygenated Carbon

Aryl derivatives carbon-oxygen bond formation

Aryl ether synthesis, carbon-oxygen bond formation

Asymmetric epoxidation carbon-oxygen bond formation

Benzyl alcohol bond, carbon-oxygen

Bond cleavage carbon-oxygen

Bond dissociation energy values carbon-oxygen

Bonds carbon-oxygen double bond

Bonds carbon-oxygen single bond

Box 16-1 Environmental Carbon Analysis and Oxygen Demand

Calcium carbonate oxygen isotopic ratio determination

Carbon - Oxygen Containing Polymers

Carbon Bonded to Nitrogen or Oxygen

Carbon Dioxide Transfer Rates in Blood Oxygenators

Carbon black functional group oxygen

Carbon dioxide insertion into metal-oxygen bonds

Carbon dioxide oxygen and

Carbon dioxide oxygen atom coordination

Carbon dioxide oxygen exchange

Carbon dioxide oxygen role

Carbon dioxide production and oxygen

Carbon dioxide, oxygen transfer from

Carbon dioxide-oxygen mixtures

Carbon dioxide—oxygen exchange reactions

Carbon distribution, oxygen-methyl

Carbon distribution, oxygen-methyl group

Carbon electrodes oxygen electroreduction

Carbon electrodes surface oxygen complexes

Carbon fluorinated oxygen compounds

Carbon gaseous oxygen reaction with

Carbon monoxide affinities with oxygen

Carbon monoxide interaction with preadsorbed oxygen

Carbon monoxide limiting oxygen concentrations

Carbon monoxide oxidation oxygen concentration effect

Carbon monoxide oxidation oxygen oxidized

Carbon monoxide oxidation— oxygen effect

Carbon monoxide oxygen

Carbon monoxide oxygen and

Carbon monoxide oxygen coverage

Carbon monoxide reaction with oxygen atoms

Carbon monoxide, reaction with oxygen

Carbon monoxide-oxygen flame,

Carbon oxygen bond anomeric. shortening

Carbon oxygen bond scission

Carbon oxygen demand

Carbon oxygen nitrogen polymers

Carbon oxygen nucleophiles

Carbon oxygen polymers

Carbon oxygen stretching vibration

Carbon oxygen-containing

Carbon oxygenation

Carbon oxygenation

Carbon oxygenation reactions

Carbon reaction with oxygen

Carbon ring oxygen replacement

Carbon steam-oxygen equilibria

Carbon steel corrosion dissolved oxygen

Carbon steel oxygen corrosion

Carbon surfaces oxygen complexes

Carbon versus oxygen alkylation

Carbon with oxygen

Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen symbiosis network

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Carbon-Oxygen Bonds in Ethers and Esters

Carbon-Oxygen Cleavage

Carbon-Oxygen Compounds

Carbon-boron-sulfur-oxygen rings

Carbon-heteroatom bonds oxygenations

Carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compound

Carbon-hydrogen-oxygen compound combustion

Carbon-hydrogen-oxygen system, hydrothermal

Carbon-molecular oxygen reaction

Carbon-molecular oxygen reaction Subject

Carbon-molecular oxygen reaction intermediate stages

Carbon-molecular oxygen reaction rate equations

Carbon-molecular oxygen reaction spaces

Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen bicycle

Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen bond angles

Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycl

Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen rings

Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen-sulfur rings

Carbon-oxygen

Carbon-oxygen 1,1 -insertion

Carbon-oxygen bond

Carbon-oxygen bond activation

Carbon-oxygen bond cleavage reactions

Carbon-oxygen bond cleavage, attack

Carbon-oxygen bond formation

Carbon-oxygen bond formation cascade reactions

Carbon-oxygen bond formation reactions

Carbon-oxygen bond formation reductions

Carbon-oxygen bond formation secondary amines

Carbon-oxygen bond formation synthases

Carbon-oxygen bond formation, concerted

Carbon-oxygen bond forming reactions

Carbon-oxygen bond lengths

Carbon-oxygen bond reductive

Carbon-oxygen bond reductive cleavage

Carbon-oxygen bond, hydrogenolysis

Carbon-oxygen bonds addition

Carbon-oxygen bonds amine/alcohol addition

Carbon-oxygen bonds aryl ether synthesis

Carbon-oxygen bonds benzyl hydrogenolysis

Carbon-oxygen bonds benzylic, reduction

Carbon-oxygen bonds comparisons

Carbon-oxygen bonds compounds

Carbon-oxygen bonds copper,

Carbon-oxygen bonds cyclizations

Carbon-oxygen bonds diene conjugation, allylic intermediates

Carbon-oxygen bonds electrostatic repulsion

Carbon-oxygen bonds ester formation

Carbon-oxygen bonds ethers

Carbon-oxygen bonds glycosylation

Carbon-oxygen bonds intermolecular additions

Carbon-oxygen bonds intramolecular additions

Carbon-oxygen bonds mechanisms

Carbon-oxygen bonds oxidation additions

Carbon-oxygen bonds oxidation enantioselectivity

Carbon-oxygen bonds oxidation synthesis

Carbon-oxygen bonds radical additions

Carbon-oxygen bonds reaction number

Carbon-oxygen bonds selectivity

Carbon-oxygen bonds, furanose rings

Carbon-oxygen bonds, infrared absorption frequencies

Carbon-oxygen bonds, polar nature

Carbon-oxygen catalysis

Carbon-oxygen chains

Carbon-oxygen distance

Carbon-oxygen donor reagents

Carbon-oxygen double bond lengths

Carbon-oxygen double bonds

Carbon-oxygen double bonds asymmetric transfer

Carbon-oxygen double bonds catalytic hydrogenation

Carbon-oxygen double bonds formation

Carbon-oxygen double bonds molecular hydrogen

Carbon-oxygen double bonds reduction

Carbon-oxygen double bonds stereoselective synthesis

Carbon-oxygen electronegativity

Carbon-oxygen functional groups

Carbon-oxygen linkage

Carbon-oxygen ratio, organometallic

Carbon-oxygen reaction

Carbon-oxygen reaction mechanism

Carbon-oxygen sensors

Carbon-oxygen single bond

Carbon-oxygen single bond formation

Carbon-oxygen single bond formation oxygenated nucleophiles

Carbon-oxygen-nitrogen-metal rings

Carbon-oxygen—sulfur rings

Carbon-phosphorus-oxygen rings

Carbon-phosphorus-oxygen-metal rings

Carbon=oxygen bond reduction

Carbon=oxygen double bonds, addition

Carbon=oxygen double bonds, addition reactions

Carbons oxygen surface groups

Carbonyl carbon/oxygen double bonds

Carbonyl compounds carbon-oxygen bond cleavage

Carbonyl group carbon—oxygen bond length

Carbon—oxygen bonds lithium metal

Carbon—oxygen bonds magnesium metal

Carbon—oxygen bonds organolithiums

Carbon—oxygen bonds reactions with

Carbon—oxygen double bond INDEX

Characterization of Carbon-Oxygen Surface Groups

Concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen

Containing Carbon, Sulfur, Fluorine, and Elements other than Oxygen

Containing metal-oxygen bonds carbonate

Diels-Alder reactions carbon-oxygen bond formation

Diffusion of oxygen and carbon

Effect of Poisoning by Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide

Effects of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Elementary reactions in the hydrogen—carbon monoxide—oxygen system

Elements Other Than Carbon, Hydrogen, or Oxygen

Elimination reactions forming carbon-oxygen double bonds with

Eliminations to Form Carbon-Oxygen Double Bonds Oxidation Reactions

Ethers carbon-oxygen single bond formation

Feedbacks Between the Nitrogen, Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

Formation of Hydrogen-bonded Carbanions as Intermediates in Hydron Transfer between Carbon and Oxygen

Formation of carbon-oxygen bonds

Gasification, coal carbon-oxygen-steam systems

Generation of a Carbanion y to the Carbon-Oxygen Bond

Heteroatomic coupling carbon-oxygen bonds

Heteroatomic coupling carbon/oxygen additions

Heteroatomic nucleophiles carbon/oxygen additions

Hydrogen carbon-oxygen-sulfur system

Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Monoxide

Hydrogenation carbon-oxygen double bond

Hydrogenolysis of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds

Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning

Insertion oxygen into nitrogen-carbon

Ketones carbon-oxygen double bond

Manganese carbon-oxygen bonds

Metal-carbon-oxygen system

Methane, chloromethoxyreaction with vinylsilanes carbon-oxygen bond cleavage

Migration of silicon, from carbon to oxygen

Mixed carbon-oxygen coordination

Molecular hydrogen, carbon-oxygen

Molecular hydrogen, carbon-oxygen double bond hydrogenation

Molten carbonate cathodic oxygen reduction

Nonmetallic Elements I. Hydrogen, Boron, Oxygen and Carbon

Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond

Nucleophilic Cleavage of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds in Ethers and Esters

Nucleophilic substitution carbon/oxygen additions

Olefins carbon-oxygen bond formation

Oxygen Bonded to Activated Tetrahedral Carbon Atoms

Oxygen Bonded to Trigonal Carbon Atoms

Oxygen Bridge Activation by an Electron-Donating Group at the Bridgehead Carbon

Oxygen Layers on Carbon

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Oxygen and Carbon on the Cathode Side

Oxygen and carbon content of silicon wafers

Oxygen and carbon dioxide analysers

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in soil air

Oxygen and carbon dioxide in the subsurface

Oxygen and carbon dioxide, transfer

Oxygen carbon bond activation reactions

Oxygen carbon dioxide

Oxygen carbon dioxide system

Oxygen carbon monoxide reactions

Oxygen carbon nanotubes

Oxygen carbon-based materials

Oxygen carbon-hydrogen activation reactions

Oxygen cathodic reduction, molten carbonate fuel

Oxygen chemical looping carbon dioxide

Oxygen diffusivity, carbon

Oxygen in carbon dioxide

Oxygen interaction with preadsorbed carbon

Oxygen isotopes carbon isotope plots

Oxygen oxidized carbon monoxide

Oxygen permeability released carbon dioxide

Oxygen rhodium metal-carbon bond formations

Oxygen therapy carbon monoxide poisoning

Oxygen thermochemical water/carbon dioxide

Oxygen to carbon ratio

Oxygen versus Carbon as the Site of Alkylation

Oxygen, carbon black formation

Oxygen-.carbon ratio

Oxygen-carbon ratios, marine organic

Oxygen-carbon tetrafluoride

Oxygen-carbon tetrafluoride reactions

Oxygen-methyl group carbon

Oxygen-to-Carbon migration

Oxygen/carbon elemental ratios

Oxygen/carbon ratios, variation with

Oxygenated carbon, halogenation

Oxygenated volatile organic carbon

Oxygenates carbon bond mechanism

Palladium carbon-oxygen bond formation

Palladium complexes carbon/oxygen additions

Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon-Oxygen Bond Formation

Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Phenols, carbon-oxygen bond formation

Phosphorus -oxygen -carbon -hydrogen bonds

Rare earth-oxygen-carbon

Ruthenium catalysts carbon-oxygen double bond

Sigma bond carbon—oxygen

Silane, vinylepoxidation carbon-oxygen bond cleavage

Single-wall carbon nanotubes oxygen functionalities

Soil Reduction Capacity Effects on Carbon Assimilation and Radial Oxygen Loss

Stable carbon-oxygen

Structure of the Carbon-Oxygen Double Bond

Sulfur-carbon-oxygen cycle

Surface oxygen complexes carbon surfaces

The Oxygen Electrode in Molten Carbonates

The Oxygen of an Ether Croup Is Bonded to Two Carbon Atoms

The Reaction of Carbon with Oxygen

The aldehyde region unsaturated carbon bonded to oxygen

The carbon and oxygen cycles

The see-saw of carbon dioxide and oxygen

Transfer of oxygen and carbon

Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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