The Reaction of Carbon with Oxygen

The reaction of carbon with oxygen can lead to different products. When there is a deficiency of oxygen, the product is carbon monoxide. 

An example of this is the reaction of carbon with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas. 

A balanced chemical equation reflects the law of conservation of mass. This type of equation shows that there is the same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the equation. Some skeleton equations are, by coincidence, already balanced. For example, examine the reaction of carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, shown in Figure 4.1. In the skeleton equation, one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are on the left side of the equation, and one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms are on the right side of the equation. 

Another way to calculate values of AH for reactions involves manipulating equations for other reactions with known AH values. When chemical equations are added to yield a different chemical equation, the corresponding AH values are added to get the AH for the desired equation. This principle is called Hess s law. For example, we can calculate the AH for the reaction of carbon with oxygen gas to yield carbon dioxide from the values for the reaction of carbon with... 

The Reaction of Carbon with Oxygen. - The gasification of carbon by oxygen is of great importance, particularly in connection with coal conversion. The subject has received much attention and two recent reviews have given excellent accounts of the chemical and chemical engineering aspects of the problem. 

An above-average number of pupils have solved the exercise on the combustion of carbon they also correctly described the reaction of carbon with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and determined that the combustion process supplies the energy. However, about 20% of students chose the distracter carbon is transmuted to energy, the result is ash . 

The problem of the combustion of carbon is beset with all those difficulties and complexities associated with chemical reactions that involve a solid phase.80 The equilibrium conditions that govern the composition of the ultimate products are reasonably well understood, but equilibrium conditions shed little light on the mechanism of the reaction or on the identity of the products formed in the initial stages. Some consider that carbon dioxide is the primary product in the reaction of carbon with oxygen, and that carbon monoxide is the result of a secondary reaction ... 

As we have just seen the reaction of alkanes with oxygen to give carbon dioxide and water IS called combustion A more fundamental classification of reaction types places it m the oxidation—reduction category To understand why let s review some principles of oxidation-reduction beginning with the oxidation number (also known as oxidation state)... 

Electron-transfer reactions occur all around us. Objects made of iron become coated with mst when they are exposed to moist air. Animals obtain energy from the reaction of carbohydrates with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Turning on a flashlight generates a current of electricity from a chemical reaction in the batteries. In an aluminum refinery, huge quantities of electricity drive the conversion of aluminum oxide into aluminum metal. These different chemical processes share one common feature Each is an oxidation-reduction reaction, commonly called a redox reaction, in which electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another. 

When a solid particle of species B reacts with a gaseous species A to form only gaseous products, the solid can disappear by developing internal porosity, while maintaining its macroscopic shape. An example is the reaction of carbon with water vapor to produce activated carbon the intrinsic rate depends upon the development of sites for the reaction (see Section 9.3). Alternatively, the solid can disappear only from the surface so that the particle progressively shrinks as it reacts and eventually disappears on complete reaction (/B =1). An example is the combustion of carbon in air or oxygen (reaction (E) in Section 9.1.1). In this section, we consider this case, and use reaction 9.1-2 to represent the stoichiometry of a general reaction of this type. 

Bonifacie M, Jendrzejewski N, Agiinier P, Humler E, Coleman M, Javoy M (2008) The chlorine isotope composition of the Earth,s mantle. Science 319 1518-1520 Borthwick J, Harmon RS (1982) A note regarding CIF3 as an alternative to BrFs for oxygen isotope analysis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46 1665-1668 Bottcher ME (1996) and C/ C fractionation during the reaction of carbonates with... 

There is a tendency toward alternation in the copolymerization of ethylene with carbon monoxide. Copolymerizations of carbon monoxide with tetrafluoroethylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile have been reported but with few details [Starkweather, 1987]. The reactions of alkenes with oxygen and quinones are not well defined in terms of the stoichiometry of the products. These reactions are better classified as retardation or inhibition reactions because of the very slow copolymerization rates (Sec. 3-7a). Other copolymerizations include the reaction of alkene monomers with sulfur and nitroso compounds [Green et al., 1967 Miyata and Sawada, 1988]. 

Comparison of True Activation Energies in Reactions of Carbon with Oxygen-Containing Gases and the Dissociation Energy of an 0 Atom from the Reactant after Rossberg )... 

For instance, the reaction of ethylene with oxygen on the surface of silver results in the formation of ethylene oxide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor it is described by the equations... 

At first sight, scheme (371) does not agree with the results of our adsorption experiments these experiments showed that activated charcoal does not chemisorb CO at 100°C. It should, however, be taken into consideration that the surface of charcoal subjected to activation or even simply after storage in contact with air is covered with chemisorbed oxygen. The studies of the reactions of carbon with C02 and steam (see Section XX) have demonstrated that oxygen chemisorbed on carbon is indistinguishable from chemisorbed carbon monoxide. So it may be reckoned that activated charcoal is already covered with carbon monoxide before the contact with this gas. 

Bone and co-workers [4] studied the formation of nitric oxide in the combustion of carbon monoxide and arrived at some very strange results, e.g., yields of nitric oxide exceeding equilibrium values, a sharply negative influence of water vapor and hydrogen, etc. Bone concluded that the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen is caused by activation of the nitrogen by radiation from the carbon monoxide flame. 

The regeneration curves are often derived from CO2 generation data in closed-loop laboratory systems. It is assumed that the formal kinetics of soot combustion may be described by the oxidation of carbon with oxygen. A typical formal kinetic model comprises two parallel reactions of n-th order ... 

The thermodynamic equilibria for the reactions of zirconium with oxygen, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen have been discussed elsewhere (27). All these reactions can occur in the temperature range of 800° to 1200°C. and down to pressures of 10-8 mm. of mercury. In this range the rate of solution of the compounds formed is sufficient to maintain the zirconium surface in a film-free condition provided the reaction rate is maintained below the rate of solution. At very low pressures the reaction rate is probably proportional to the pressure of the gases present. The critical conditions for the reactions are the pressure and temperature at which the rate of formation of the compound equals the rate of solution in the metal. Although we have not determined these conditions precisely, experience has shown that the metal remains in the proper film-free condition at 800° to 1200°C. at pressures of the order of 1 X 10 mm. of mercury and less. 

As in any gasification of coal the exothermic reaction of carbon with oxygen to CO (60) and C02 (Eq. 78) and the endothermic reaction with water (Eq. 61) run in parallel in different extent it seems to be often a mere semantic question whether to classify- a process as a partial oxidation or to use just the more general expression of coal gasification. Bouduard equilibrium (Eq. 46), water gas shift equilibrium (Eq. 37) and methane formation equilibrium (Eq. 71) are additional determinants... 

The Gibbs free energy yield of carbon oxidation with S04 as a terminal electron acceptor is about 4-10 times lower than with oxygen. However, sulfide, the product of S04 reduction is an excellent electron donor the reaction of which with oxygen ... 

The reaction of alkanes with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and— most important of all heat, is the chief reaction occurring in the internal combustion engine its tremendous practical importance is obvious. 

The first step in writing a chemical equation is to write a word equation. To write the word equation for a reaction, you must write down the names of the reactants and separate the names with plus signs. An arrow is used to separate the reactants from the products. Then, the names of the products are written to the right of the arrow and are separated by plus signs. The word equation for the reaction of methane with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water is written as follows ... 

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