Rare earth-oxygen-carbon

Therefore, RE(III)-polycarboxylic acid complexes can be considered as polymeric structures made by edge-sharing rare earth-oxygen polyhedra REOm (m = l- 0) linked together by carbon chains [71],... 

It is easy to reduce anhydrous rare-earth hatides to the metal by reaction of mote electropositive metals such as calcium, lithium, sodium, potassium, and aluminum. Electrolytic reduction is an alternative in the production of the light lanthanide metals, including didymium, a Nd—Pt mixture. The rare-earth metals have a great affinity for oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, boron, phosphoms, and hydrogen at elevated temperature and remove these elements from most other metals. 

Laser isotope separation techniques have been demonstrated for many elements, including hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sHicon, sulfur, chlorine, titanium, selenium, bromine, molybdenum, barium, osmium, mercury, and some of the rare-earth elements. The most significant separation involves uranium, separating uranium-235 [15117-96-1], from uranium-238 [7440-61-1], (see Uranium and uranium compounds). The... 

Sholkovitz ER, Elderfield H, Szymczak R, Casey K (1999) Island weathering riverine sources of rare earth elements to the western Pacific Ocean. Marine Chem 68 39-57 Skulan JL, Beard BL, Johnson CM (2002) Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(III) and hematite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66 2995-3015 Sumner DY (1997) Carbonate precipitation and oxygen stratification in Late Archean seawater as deduced from facies and stratigraphy of the Gamohaan and Frisco Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Am J Sci 297 455-487... 

The rare earth triflates are used in three types of organic reactions, namely (i) carbon-carbon bond formation, (ii) carbon-oxygen bond formation and (iii) carbon-nitrogen bond formation. 

The basic elements of a SOFC are (1) a cathode, typically a rare earth transition metal perovskite oxide, where oxygen from air is reduced to oxide ions, which then migrate through a solid electrolyte (2) into the anode, (3) where they combine electrochemically with to produce water if hydrogen is the fuel or water and carbon dioxide if methane is used. Carbon monoxide may also be used as a fuel. The solid electrolyte is typically a yttrium or calcium stabilized zirconia fast oxide ion conductor. However, in order to achieve acceptable anion mobility, the cell must be operated at about 1000 °C. This requirement is the main drawback to SOFCs. The standard anode is a Nickel-Zirconia cermet. 

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