Oxygen and carbon dioxide

In the full scale fire tests some additional gaseous species were studied specifically, i.e. formaldehyde. Not all gas species were studied in every test. Hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride have only been studied in situations where evolution of these species were suspected. HCN and HC1 have only been studied as collective (2, 5 or 10 minutes) samples for each fire test. It is most preferable to follow the concentrations with direct reading instruments. This has been the case for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and in three out of four cases for nitrous oxide. Drager tubes were used for measurements of nitrous oxides in the DIN 53436 test. 

PEN has lower gas permeation coefficients than PET for carbon dioxide, oxygen and moisture for both film types. Although the gas-barrier properties of PEN are similar to those of poly(vinyl dichloride), it is not affected by moisture in the environment. Both oriented and unoriented PEN films restrict gas diffusion more... 

The absorption of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen in water are three examples in which most, if not all, of the resistance to transfer lies in the liquid phase. Sherwood and Hoij.oway 30-1 measured values of kLa for these systems using a tower of 500 mm diameter packed with 37 mm rings. The results were expressed in the form ... 

Because of its branched structure and lower degree of crystallinity, ldpe is about four times more permeable to carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen than hdpe. 

Standard Reference Material 1470 is a 23 micrometer thick polyester film whose gas transmission characteristics with respect to helium, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen have been carefully measured. A completely computerized manometric permeation measuring facility developed at NBS was used for the measurements. The steps taken to characterize the gas transmission rate of this material over the range of pressures from 67.5 kPa to 135 kPa and over the range of temperatures from 18 °C to 31 °C are described. The results obtained in these measurements are compared with those in the literature. The role of Standard Reference Material 1470 in improving the repeatability and reproducibility of gas transmission measurements employing other instrumentation is discussed. 

Two students decided to calculate the molar volumes of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and methane gas. First they measured the mass of an empty 150 mL syringe under vacuum conditions. This ensured that the syringe did not contain any air. Next they filled the syringe with 150 mL of carbon dioxide gas. They measured and recorded the mass of the syringe plus the gas. The students repeated their procedure for oxygen gas and for methane gas. 

The volume occupied by one mole of a gas at its critical temperature and critical pressure is known as the critical volume. For example, critical volumes of carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen are 940.0, 78.2 and 61.5 ml per mole, respectively. 

Various substances such as amino acids, organic acids, NaOH, NaCl, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and metals, and various ions such as Cd(II), Cu(II), Co(II), and Fe(III), can be separated by using suitable carrier agents in liquid or solid... 

Carignan, R. (1998). Automated determination of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen partial pressures in surface waters. Limnol. Oceanogr 969—975. 

These resins may be blow molded to yield excellent containers for carbonated beverages. In addition, they show a desirable low level of transmission of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor in comparison with other plastics available today. 

Miller and co-workers show an on-stream sampler and a portable GC system to analyze stack gases as part of the requirements of determination of particulate matter from incinerator stacks. The concentrations of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide are measured and that of nitrogen is calculated by difference. This method is of higher precision and can save time and labor when compared with the Orsat analyzer method. Further, this GC system is portable and all the components are mounted on a 2 ft by 3 ft laboratory cart, which makes mobile measurements possible. A summary of some of the techniques used is presented in Table 6.2. 

Calculate the room-temperature densities in grams per liter of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen gases. Recall that you will need to calculate the molar mass of each gas in order to calculate densities. 

Table I Permeability of various polymers to carbon dioxide oxygen and...

Because PLA finds a lot of applications in food packaging, its barrier properties (mainly to carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour) have been largely investigated [4]. The CO2 permeability coefficients for PLA polymers are lower than those reported for crystalline polystyrene at 25°C and 0 per cent relative humidity (RH) and higher than... 

Gas permeation experiments were carried out for carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen. The method used to measure the gas permeability was the constant pressure or variable volume method. For the measurements a home-made system was used [32]. It comprised a two-compartment flat sheet permeability cell. The feed stream circulates in the bottom compartment tangentially to the composite films and permeates through them to be collected in the top compartment where a flowmeter is connected. Due to the asymmetry of the composites the permeation experiments were carried out both for the top and bottom surfaces of the composite films facing the feed stream. 

Diffusion coefficients have been measured for carbon dioxide, oxygen and water vapour though polyolefins [62-65], EVOH [66-69] and PET films [70]. 

The common air gases, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen, are also dissolved in water. The dissolved oxygen... 

Pollution Prevention Minimal toxicity of effluents Good. Gas phase contains carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen and no dioxins. Sulfur, phosphorous, and chlorine remain in the liquid phase as dissolved salts, and oxygen probably does as well. The liquid phase also contains biodegradable organics. Solids produced can be stabilized, placed in drums, and disposed of in a permitted landfill. 

The feedstock available (natural gas, residual gases from refineries, LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), naphtha, heavy oils, distillation residues, pitch, coal, carbon dioxide, oxygen) and process utilities (steam, cooling water,...). 

This is a useful concept which applies to subjects breathing air or any other gas mixture free of carbon dioxide. It relates the partial pressure of oxygen in alveolar gas to that of carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are continually moving between the alveolar gas and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 

Calculate the Boyle temperatures for carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen using the van derWaals constants in Table 1.6. How close do they come to the experimental values from Table 1.5 ... 

To grow satisfactorily a plant needs warmth, light, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and other chemical elements which it can obtain from the soil. 

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