Oxygenated volatile organic carbon

Apel, E. C., J. G. Calvert, J. P. Greenberg, D. Riemer, R. Zika, T. E. Kleindienst, W. A. Lonneman, K. Fung, and E. Fujita, Generation and Validation of Oxygenated Volatile Organic Carbon Standards for the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville Intensive, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22281-22294 (1998a). 

An extensive source of natural pollutants is the plants and trees of the earth. Even though these green plants play a large part in the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen through photosynthesis, they are still the major source of hydrocarbons on the planet. The familiar blue haze over forested areas is nearly all from the atmospheric reactions of the volatile organics... 

For aerobic degradation, uptake of oxygen or the evolution of carbon dioxide is most widely used. Use of the concentration of dissolved organic carbon may present technical problems when particulate matter is present, though analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon in a closed system has been advocated (Birch and Fletcher 1991), and may simultaneously overcome problems with poorly soluble or volatile compounds. 

COD, chemical oxygen demand TKN, total Kjeldahl nitrogen TSS, total suspended solids VSS, volatile suspended solids TOC, total organic carbon. 

Wessling, R. A. Method for Quantitatively Analyzing Substances Containing Elements Other Than Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen and Volatile Organic Compounds ... 

List of abbreviations BOD, biological oxygen demand CA, chloroanisol CCA, copper-chromate-arsenate CP, chlorophenol 2,4-D, dichlorophenoxyacetic acid DCP, dichlorophenol CFSTR, continuous-flow stirred tank reactor FBBR, fluidized-bed biofilm reactor MCP, monochlorophenol NAPL, non-aqueous phase liquid PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon PCPP, polychlorinated phenoxyphenol PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran PCDD, polychlorinated dibenzodioxin PCR, polymerase chain reaction PCP, pentachlorophenol PCA, pentachloroanisole TeCP, tetrachlorophenol TeCA, tetrachloroanisole TCC, trichlorocatechol TCP, trichlorophenol TOC, total organic carbon 2,4,5-T, trichlorophenoxyacetic acid UASB, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor VSS, volatile suspended solids. 

Attempts by 0. E. Brown-Sequard and A. d Arsonval, and S. Merkel have been made to show that the depressed feeling and uneasiness experienced in crowded rooms is not solely due to the diminution of oxygen, and increase of carbon dioxide, but is rather due to the presence of a volatile organic poison in the expired air. This hypothesis was contested by A. Dastre and P. Loye, A. Russo-Giliberti and G. Alessi, D. H. Bergey, S. W. Mitchell and J. S. Billings, G. von Hofmann-Wellenhof, and K. B. Lehmann and F. Jessen. 0. Wurster, and T. Cramer attributed the injurious effects to the presence of nitrates. 

An emissions test of the pyro-gas was conducted at Conrad on December 18, 1986, while pyrolyzing TDF. Measurements included particulate, metals, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (C02), oxygen (02), and carbon monoxide (CO).1 The test results are presented in Table 8-3. Note that these emission estimates do not reflect atmospheric emissions. 

Notes BOD, biological oxygen demand COD, chemical oxygen demand DO, dissolved oxygen SS, suspended sohds TDS, total dissolved sohds TOC, total organic carbon VOC, volatile organic compounds. 

Fuel cells generate electricity, heat, and distilled water by reacting H2 with oxygen (air). This process emits no C02, no carbon monoxide, no sulfur dioxide, no volatile organic compounds, and no fine particles. The only byproduct of the oxidation of H2 is distilled water. There are some 1,035 firms that are active in the field of fuel cell development and manufacturing (http //www. fuelcells.org/directory). This field of technology is fast advancing, the delivery of new units increased by 75% to approximately 100,000 units in 2007. 

---