Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

The reactions involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport and their anatomical locations are summarized in Fig. 23-2... 

What term is given to the reversible flow of chloride ions across the red blood cell membrane during the oxygen and carbon dioxide transport process ... 

It is composed of a straw-coloured fluid (plasma) and cells of two different colours - red and white. The red blood cells which account for the colour of blood are made up of minute circular discs which contain red pigment (haemoglobin) with which the oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in the blood combine temporarily. Haemoglobin also combines very readily with carbon dioxide. 

Each component of blood has a function ia the body. Red cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and cells ia the tissues. White cells function as defense of the body. Platelets are important for hemostasis, ie, the maintenance of vascular iategrity. Plasma, an aqueous solution containing various proteias and fatty acids, transports cells, food, and hormones throughout the body. Some proteias ia plasma play a role ia clotting, others are messengers between cells. 

Red Blood Cells. Red blood cells (RBC) transport and deUver oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissues and lungs. Red blood cell transfusions iacrease the oxygen carrying capacity ia anemic patieats. 

Alveolar gas transport Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between al-... 

Hematopoietic (blood) cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, contribute to host immunity, and facilitate blood clotting [1], A complex, interrelated, and multistep process, called hematopoiesis, controls the production as well as the development of specific marrow cells from immature precursor cells to functional mature blood cells. This well-regulated process also allows for replacement of cells lost through daily physiologic activities. The proliferation of precursor cells, the maturation of these into mature cells, and the survival of hematopoietic cells require the presence of specific growth factors. 

Protein functions and interactions are infinitely varied in biological species— one of the major problems associated with complete classification of any proteome. Proteins may transport substances myoglobin and hemoglobin (discussed in Chapter 7) transport oxygen, and carbon dioxide, in mammalian blood. Proteins called enzymes catalyze necessary biochemical reactions. The active site of an enzyme contains those amino acids that come in direct contact... 

Transport. A wellknown transport protein is hemoglobin in the erythrocytes (bottom left). It is responsible for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues (see p.282). The blood plasma also contains many other proteins with transport functions. Prealbumin (transthyretin middle), for example, transports the thyroid hormones thyroxin and triiodothyronine. Ion channels and other integral membrane proteins (see p.220) facilitate the transport of ions and metabolites across biological membranes. 

Transport. The gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. The blood mediates the exchange of substances between organs and takes up metabolic end products from tissues in order to transport them to the lungs, liver, and kidney for excretion. The blood also distributes hormones throughout the organism (see p. 370). 

In any given dimension, the larger the volume of an animal, the smaller, in proportion, its exposed surface area. As a consequence, larger organisms (in which the interior cells are metabolically active) must increase the surfaces over which diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide can occur. These creatures probably must develop a means for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from this surface area. 

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