Butyl acetate Butyric acid

Another oxo plant, now being constructed, will make butyl compounds (88). These may be the source of butyl alcohol, butyl acetate, butyric acid for the manufacture of cellulose acetate butyrate and other products, butyraldehyde for polyvinyl butyral, and the eight-carbon compounds including 2-ethylhexanol. All these will add to the present production of the same compounds made by the older methods from acetaldehyde via aldol condensation. 

Bleach (chloride of lime) Bromine Butyl acetate Butyl phthalate Butyric acid Calcium carbide Calcium cyanamide Calcium hypochlorite Calcium nitrate Calcium potassium ferrocyan-ide (double salt)... 

Polyvinyl isobutyl ether C6H12O2 Amyl formate n-Butyl acetate s-Butyl acetate t-Butyl acetate Caproic acid Diacetone alcohol Diethylacetic acid Ethyl butyrate Ethyl isobutyrate... 

Esters of medium volatility are capable of removing the water formed by distillation. Examples are propyl, butyl, and amyl formates, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl acetates, and the methyl and ethyl esters of propionic, butyric, and valeric acids. In some cases, ternary azeotropic mixtures of alcohol, ester, and water are formed. This group is capable of further subdivision with ethyl acetate, all of the ester is removed as a vapor mixture with alcohol and part of the water, while the balance of the water accumulates in the system. With butyl acetate, on the other hand, all of the water formed is removed overhead with part of the ester and alcohol, and the balance of the ester accumulates as a high boiler in the system. 

Acetic acid, butyl ester Acetic acid, pentyl ester Acetic acid, decyl ester Acetic acid, benzyl ester Acetic acid, benzyl ester Acetic acid, 1-cyclohexenyl ester Acetic acid, 3-cyclohexenyl ester Butyric acid, benzyl ester Phenylacetic acid, propyl ester Oleic acid, methyl ester Linoleic acid, methyl ester Linolenic acid, methyl ester Adipic acid, methyl ester Adipic acid, ethyl ester Adipic acid, diethyl ester Adipic acid, dipropyl ester Adipic acid, (methylethyl)ester Adipic acid,... 

Bromine (dry gas) Bromine (liquid) Bromobenzene Butanol Butyl acetate Butylamine Butylchloride Butyric acid Calcium chloride Carbon tetrachloride Castor oil Cellosolve Cellosolve acetate Chlorine (dry gas) Chlorine water Chloroacetic acid Chlorobenzene Chloroform Chlorosulfonic acid Chromic acid Citric acid Colza oil Copper sulfate Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Cyclohexanone... 

METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE n-PENTYL FORMATE n-BUTYL ACETATE sec-BUTYL ACETATE tert-BUTYL ACETATE ETHYL n-BUTYRATE ETHYL ISOBUTYRATE ISOBUTYL ACETATE n-PROPYL PROPIONATE CYCLOHEXYL PEROXIDE DIACETONE ALCOHOL 2-ETHYL BUTYRIC ACID n-HEXANOIC ACID 2-ETHOXYETHYL ACETATE HYDROXYCAPROIC ACID PARALDEHYDE... 

OCTANONE n-BUTYL n-BUTYRATE n-HEXYL ACETATE ISOBUTYL ISOBUTYRATE n-OCTANOIC ACID... 

Ethyl alcohol has been made by the hydration of ethylene (9) since 1930. Like isopropyl alcohol, part of the output is used as a solvent, but most is converted to other oxygenated chemicals. Its most important raw material use is conversion to acetaldehyde by catalytic air oxidation. Acetaldehyde, in turn, is the raw material source of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, pentaerythritol, synthetic n-butyl alcohol (via aldol condensation), butyraldehyde, and other products. Butyraldehyde is the source of butyric acid, polyvinyl butyral resin, and 2-ethylhexanol (octyl alcohol). The last-named eight-carbon alcohol is based on the aldol condensation of butyraldehyde and is used to make the important plasticizer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. A few examples of the important reactions of acetaldehyde are as follows ... 

If esters arc perfluorinated the main products are perfluoroalkanes or perfluoroacyl fluorides byproducts are carbon dioxide and oxygen difluoride. The acyl and the alkyl groups in the ester give perfluorocarboxylic acids.41 A comparison of the results obtained from butyl acetate and ethyl butyrate, and from butyl propionate and propyl butyrate, indicates that perfluoro-butanoic acid is obtained in better yield from ethyl and propyl butyrate than from butyl acetate and butyl propionate. Thus, perfluorocarboxylic acids are formed more readily from the acyl than from the alkyl group of the ester. 

ABA ABS ABS-PC ABS-PVC ACM ACS AES AMMA AN APET APP ASA BR BS CA CAB CAP CN CP CPE CPET CPP CPVC CR CTA DAM DAP DMT ECTFE EEA EMA EMAA EMAC EMPP EnBA EP EPM ESI EVA(C) EVOH FEP HDI HDPE HIPS HMDI IPI LDPE LLDPE MBS Acrylonitrile-butadiene-acrylate Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-polycarbonate alloy Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene-poly(vinyl chloride) alloy Acrylic acid ester rubber Acrylonitrile-chlorinated pe-styrene Acrylonitrile-ethylene-propylene-styrene Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate Acrylonitrile Amorphous polyethylene terephthalate Atactic polypropylene Acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile Butadiene rubber Butadiene styrene rubber Cellulose acetate Cellulose acetate-butyrate Cellulose acetate-propionate Cellulose nitrate Cellulose propionate Chlorinated polyethylene Crystalline polyethylene terephthalate Cast polypropylene Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Chloroprene rubber Cellulose triacetate Diallyl maleate Diallyl phthalate Terephthalic acid, dimethyl ester Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer Ethylene-ethyl acrylate Ethylene-methyl acrylate Ethylene methacrylic acid Ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer Elastomer modified polypropylene Ethylene normal butyl acrylate Epoxy resin, also ethylene-propylene Ethylene-propylene rubber Ethylene-styrene copolymers Polyethylene-vinyl acetate Polyethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers Fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers Hexamethylene diisocyanate High-density polyethylene High-impact polystyrene Diisocyanato dicyclohexylmethane Isophorone diisocyanate Low-density polyethylene Linear low-density polyethylene Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene... 

Tetra-n-butyltin is oxidised by chromium trioxide (1 1 molar ratio) to yield tri-n-butyltin acetate and compounds derived from the n-butyl group cleaved from the tin atom (mainly n-butyraldehyde and butyric acid)29. In the initial stages of the oxidation, the reaction follows the simple rate expressions v = k2 [Bu Sn] [Cr03]. Values of the second-order rate coefficient for the oxidation of a number of tetraalkyitins by Cr03 in solvent acetic acid at 20 °C were reported29 to be as follows... 

Mixed ethers result when alcohols and phenols are used with thoria at 390°—420° and esterification takes place when alcohol and acid interact at 350°-400°. Esterification10 is more complete in the presence of titanic oxide at 280°—300°. One molecule of acid is used with twelve molecules of alcohol, and in this way methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and benzyl esters have been prepared from acetic, propionic and butyric acids. 

Butyl peroxylri methyl acetate, see Butyl peroxypivalate Butyl vinyl ether n-Butyraldehyde iso-Butyraldehyde n-Butyric acid iso-Butyric acid n-Butyric anhydride 2-Butyrolactone n-Butyronitrile Butyryl chloride Camphor Caproic acid... 

Repeated inhalation or oral exposures to moderate to high doses of -butyl acetate and -butanol are well tolerated. These aforementioned molecules are readily and rapidly metabolized to -butyric acid. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) for repeated dose oral exposure to -butanol was 125 mg kg day. In a 90 day inhalation study in rats with -butyl acetate a NOEL of 500 ppm was reported for systemic effects, and a NOEL of 3000 ppm (highest dose tested) was reported for postexposure neurotoxicity based on functional observational battery endpoints, quantitative motor activity, neuropathy, and sched-uled-controlled operant behavior endpoints. Results of inhalation studies conducted on -butanol and -butyl acetate were negative for inducing reproductive and developmental toxicity. The NOEL for female reproductive toxicity was 6000 ppm with -butanol and 1500 ppm for -butyl acetate. In a 90 day repeated-dose inhalation toxicity study with butyl acetate the NOEL for male reproductive toxicity was 3000 ppm. For developmental toxicity, a NOEL of 3500 ppm was observed with -butanol and a NOEL of 1500 ppm (the highest exposure tested) was seen in both rats and rabbits following exposure to -butyl acetate. 

Figure 24 (a) ID 400 MHz H NMR spectrum of the nine-component mixture in CDC13. (1) DL-isocitric lactone, (2) (S)-(+)-0-acetylmandelic acid, (3) DL-iV-acetylho-mocysteine thiolactone, (4) ( + )-sec-butyl acetate, (5) propyl acetate (6) isopropyl butyrate, (7) ethyl butyryl acetate, (8) butyl levulinate, (9) hydroquinine-9-phenanthryl ether, (b) PFG ID H NMR spectrum of the mixture without hydroquinine-9-phe-nanthryl ether, (c) PFG ID H NMR spectrum of the nine component mixture using LED sequence. Chemical shifts arising from compounds 1 and 2 are shown. All other shifts are from compound 9. The PFG conditions were the same as in (b). 

Although the present major use of these hydrocarbons is as fuel, the tremendous possibilities offered for conversion to valuable chemicals makes it interesting to consider the research work which has been done and some of the results that have been attained. By oxidation these gases may be converted to methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl alcohols formaldehyde. acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and butryaldehyde formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids resins etc. An idea of the potentialities of hydrocarbon oxidation may be obtained by considering the theoretical yields of alcohols... 

The most extensive investigation on the deamination of trans- and cis-4- tert-butyl)cyclohexylamine (7.89 and 7.90, respectively) by the three procedures mentioned was conducted by Whiting s group (Maskill et al., 1965 Maskill and Whiting, 1976) in acetic acid (in part in butyric acid). 

Diisobutyl phthalate Dimer acid, hydrogenated Nonoxynol-1 Nonoxynol-3 Polyethylene imine Sodium hydroxide cellophane, food packaging Acrylonitrile/styrene copolymer Aluminum myristates/palmitates Aluminum silicate Ammonium lauryl sulfate Ammonium oleate Ammonium stearate Ammonium sulfate Behenamide n-Butyl acetate Butylene glycol Calcium ethyl acetoacetate Calcium stearoyl lactylate Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Cellulose acetate butyrate ... 

Butoxyethanol acetate 6-t-Butyl-m-cresol n-Butyric acid Calcium hydrogen sulfite Calcium hydroxide... 

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