N-Butyl levulinate

Maheria KC, Kozinski J, Dalai A (2013) Esterification of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate over various acidic zeolites. Catal Lett 143 1220-1225... 

Synonyms Butyl y-butyrolactone Butyl laevulinate n-Butyl laevulinate n-Butyl levulinate Butyl 4-oxopentanoate 4-Ketopentanoic acid butyl ester Levulinic acid, butyl ester Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, butyl ester... 

VINYL PROPIONATE 2-HYDROXYETHYL ACRYLATE LEVULINIC ACID METHYL ACETOACETATE GLUTARIC ACID VALERONITRILE n-BUTYL ISOCYANATE N-HETHYL-2-PYRROLIDONE L-GLUTAMIC ACID CYCLOPENTANE 2-METHYL-1-BUTENE... 

Kl=acetophenone,K2=n-propyl pyruvate (CPl3C0C02-n-Pr),K3=i-butyl levulinate (CH3COCH2CH2C02- -Bu),K4=f-BuCOCH3,K5=3-MeOPhCOCH3,K6=2-py-ridyl methyl ketone, K7=l-tetralone, K8=l-acetylnaphthalene,K9=2-acetylnaphthalene,K10=ethyl levulinate,Kll=2-octanone,K12=2-phenylcyclohexanone, K13=3-pyridyl methyl ketone, K14=Me2HSiOCH2COCH3,K15=Me2HSiOCH2COPh,K16=l-cyclohexenyl methyl ketone, K17=ethyl pyruvate, K18=2,2-dimethyl-acetylacetonate,K19=methyl levulinate, K20=3,3-dimethyl-pentane-2,4-dione, K21=2-nonanone,K22=PhCOCH2Cl. 

Butyl butyrolactate. See Butyl butyryl lactate Butyl Y-butyrolactone. See Butyl levulinate y-n-Butyl-y-butyrolactone. See v-Octalactone Butyl butyrol lactate. See Butyl butyryl lactate Butyl butyryl lactate... 

Butyl-(S)-(-)-lactate. See Butyl-(S)-lactate Butyl laevulinate n-Butyl laevulinate. See Butyl levulinate Butyl laurate... 

Butyl lactate Butyl laurate Butyl levulinate N-Butyl-2-methylbutyrate Butylparaben Butyl phenylacetate n-Butyl propionate Butyl salicylate Butyl stearate Butyl sulfide Butyl 10-undecenoate Butyl valerate n-Butyraldehyde n-Butyric acid Cadinene Camphene Caproic acid Caprylic alcohol Carvacrol Carvacryl ethyl ether Carveol 4-Carvomenthenol Carvone d-Carvone cis-Carvone oxide... 

The reaction kinetics of levulinic acid with aliphatic alcohols is not sufficiently known. In general only Bart et al. [1] gave kinetic information concerning the esterification of levulinic acid with n-butyl alcohol in a presence of sulphuric acid as a catalyst. Their experiments were concerned with a reversible process, and kinetic equations obtained by them correspond to a second order reaction. 

Fig. 8.12 Domino reaction for the production of GVL from hemicellulose by the use of a combination of Lewis and Bronsted acids (Fur, furfural BL, butyl levulinate LA, levulinic acid FA, furfuryl alcohol FE, furfuryl ether 4-HPs, 4-hydroxypentanoates GVL, y-valerolactone). (From L. Bui, H. Luo, N. R. Gunther, Y. Roman-Leshkov, Domino reaction cataiyzed by zeoiites with Bransted and Lewis acid sites for the production of y-vaierolactone from furfurai, Angew. Chem. int. Ed. 52 (2013) 8022-8025. Copyright 2013 Wiley).

In another approach, the dehydration has been conducted in ionic liquids (l-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) under acid or metal chloride catalysis yielding HMF up to more than 80% nearly without any formation of by-products like levulinic acid [32], When using chromium(II) chloride as catalyst even D-glucose could be used as feedstock since this catalyst is effective for the in situ isomerization of o-glucose to o-fructose before dehydration takes place to produce HMF in 70% yield. The catalyst system N-heterocyclic carbene/CrCU in l-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride has been developed for the selective conversion of D-fructose (96% yield) and o-glucose (81% yield) [33]. 

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