Reproduction female

The primary difficulty with periodic abstinence is the month-to-month variation in the time of ovulation. Whereas the ovum can only be fertilized during the first 12 to 24 hours after its release from the ovary, sperm remain viable longer in the female reproductive tract, able to fertilize an ovum for 5—7 days and perhaps longer. Thus, intercourse several days prior to ovulation can result in pregnancy. 

The liver plays an important role in the endocrine system. The concentrations of hormones in plasma, and the activity of the glands which secrete them, are determined by the rate at which they are deactivated by the liver. The liver also has a major function in female reproduction since it is the target tissue of ovarian estrogen, to which it responds by producing the yolk protein vitellogenin. " Xenobiotics that affect either of these functions can therefore be considered to be potential endocrine disrupters. 

Breast Cancer. Many studies have observed low incidences of hormone-dependent cancers, particularly breast cancer, in Asian countries compared with Western countries and it is becoming increasingly accepted that dietary factors play an important role. Although breast cancer can occur in either males or females, only about 1 % of all cases occur in men, and male breast cancer is a rare disease in all parts of the world." Although there appear to be some similar risk factors for breast cancer in males and females, there is no indication in the literature that diet is either a risk or a protective factor for male breast cancer. The development of breast cancer is known to be highly dependent on the hormones associated with female reproductive functions, while established genetic factors have been... 

Estrogens mainly affect the growth and maturation of the female reproductive system and the maintenance... 

The estrogens are secreted by the ovarian follicle and in smaller amounts by the adrenal cortex. Estrogens are important in the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and the primary and secondary sex characteristics. At puberty, they promote growth and development of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts. They also affect the release of pituitary gonadotropins (see Chap. 50). 

Endosulfan administered by gavage at 1.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days to ovariectomized rats did not influence the relative weights or histology of the uterus, cervix, or vagina compared to ovariectomized control rats that did not receive endosulfan (Raizada et al. 1991). Rats in a positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of estradiol and showed increased relative organ weights and normal development of female reproductive tissues compared to the untreated ovariectomized control rats. 

In vivo studies in animals suggest that endosulfan may disrupt normal reproductive hormone levels in male animals, but that it is not an endocrine disrupter in females. Persistent depressed testicular testosterone was seen in male rats after intermediate duration oral exposures to endosulfan. In ovariectomized female rats, orally administered endosulfan did not induce normal development of female reproductive tissues, and in female mice and immature female rats, acute parenteral exposure to endosulfan did not affect several endocrine-related end points. In vitro studies have evaluated endosulfan for estrogen receptor (ER) and cytosolic protein binding affinity, ER-mediated reporter gene expression, estrogenic induction of cell proliferation, and alteration of relative abundance of active estradiol metabolites. Overall, in vitro evidence in favor of endosulfan estrogenicity indicates relatively weak potency compared to 17[3-estradiol. Apparently contradictory results were reported in different... 

Bretveld, R.W., Thomas, C.M.G., and Scheepers, P.T.J. et al. (2006). Pesticide exposure the hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 4. 

A. G., and Perkins, B. H., Biodegradable fibers for the controlled release of tetracycline in treatment of peridontal disease, Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 14, 289, 1987. Dunn, R. L., Lewis, D. H., and Beck, L. R., Fibrous polymer for the delivery of contraceptive steroids to the female reproductive tract, in Controlled Release of Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals (D. H. Lewis, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, 1981, pp. 125-146. 

Manson JM, Murphy M, Richdale N, et al. 1984. Effect of oral exposure to trichloroethylene on female reproductive function. Toxicology 32 229-242. 

MATTISON D R, PLOWCHALK D R, MEADOWS M J, AL-JUBURI A Z, GANDY J and MALEK A (1990) Reproductive toxicity male and female reproductive systems as targets for chemical injury. Med Clin North Am. 74 (2) 391-411. 

Discuss the physiology of the normal female reproductive system. 

FIGURE 91-1. Diagram of female reproductive tract (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina). Dashed-line box outlines what is removed during the total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO). 

Liu J, Yu K, Tong S, el al. 1988. [Study on mutagenesis of lead and its influence on female reproductive function] Bulletin of Hunan Medical College 13 132-135. (Japanese)... 

Zhou R. 1986. [Effects of lead on female reproductive function and lead poisoning in children.] Zhonghua Laodong Weisheng Zhivebing Zazhi 4 226-228. (Chinese)... 

Tubbs, C.E. et al. (2002) Binding of protein D/E to the surface of rat epidermal sperm before ejaculation and after deposition in the female reproductive tract./. Andrology 23(4), 512-521. 

Foetal development promotes growth and differentiation of foetal cells and organogenesis Promotes longitudinal body growth and increased body weight Promotes enhanced functioning of the male and female reproductive tissue Promotes growth and differentiation of neuronal tissue... 

FSH and LH play critical roles in the development and maintenance of male and, particularly, female reproductive function (Box 11.3). hCG, produced by pregnant women, plays a central role in maintaining support systems for the developing embryo during early pregnancy. All three are... 

The human female reproductive (ovarian) cycle is initiated and regulated by gonadotrophic hormones. Day 1 of the cycle is characterized by commencement of menstruation the discharge of fragments of the endometrium (wall of the womb) from the body, signifying fertilization has not occurred in the last cycle. At this stage, plasma levels of FSH and LH are low, but these begin to increase slowly over the subsequent 10-14 days. 

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