Compounds derived from

It may be regarded as the parent of a number of important classes of compounds derived from the y-pyrone skeleton (e.g. flavone, xan-thone) and the important chroman derivatives called the tocopherols (vitamin E). 

MISCELLANEOUS COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM PRIMARY AMINES... 

COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM AROMATIC SULPHONIC ACIDS... 

Benzene oxide and compounds derived from it are carcinogenic and can react with DNA to induce mutations This difference m the site of biological oxidation—ring versus side chain—seems to be responsible for the fact that benzene is carcinogenic but toluene is not... 

Dimethylaminoethyl-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoates and similar esters are useful as spasmolytics and in relieving indigestion (180). Bis-chromonyl compounds derived from phloroglucinol are valuable in the treatment of asthma (see Antiasthmatic agents) (181). 

Ahyl alcohol undergoes reactions typical of saturated, aUphatic alcohols. Ahyl compounds derived from ahyl alcohol and used industriahy, are widely manufactured by these reactions. For example, reactions of ahyl alcohol with acid anhydrides, esters, and acid chlorides yield ahyl esters, such as diahyl phthalates and ahyl methacrylate reaction with chloroformate yields carbonates, such as diethylene glycol bis(ahyl carbonate) addition of ahyl alcohol to epoxy groups yields products used to produce ahyl glycidyl ether (33,34). 

Important commercial alkylpyridine compounds are a-picoline (2), Ppicoline (3), y-picoline (4), 2,6-lutidine (5), 3,5-lutidine (6), 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine (7), and 2,4,6-coUidine (8). In general, the alkylpyridines serve as precursors of many other substituted pyridines used in commerce. These further substituted pyridine compounds derived from alkylpyridines are in turn often used as intermediates in the manufacture of commercially usehil final products. 

The physical properties of commercial alkoxysilanes are provided in Table 1. Two classes of silane esters have very distinct properties and are generally considered apart from alkoxysilanes. Sdatranes are compounds derived from trialkanolamines and have siHcon—nitrogen coordination. These are generally hydrolytically stable and have unique physiological properties (3). A second special class of monomeric esters are cycHc diesters of polyethyleneoxide glycols designated sila-crowns, which have appHcation as catalysts (4). Neither silatranes nor sila-crowns are considered herein. 

Tricyclic Antidepressants. Imipramine [50-49-7] (32), which was the first tricycHc antidepressant to be developed, is one of many useful psychoactive compounds derived from systematic molecular modifications of the antihistamine prometha2ine [60-87-7] (see Histamine and histamine antagonists). The sulfur atom of prometha2ine was replaced with an ethylene bridge and the dimethylamino group attached to an / -propyl group, rather than to an isopropyl one, of the side chain. The actual synthesis of (32) is typical of the compounds in this class (37). 

Polyoxyethylene Surfactants. Polyoxyethylene-solubilized nonionics (ethoxylates) were iatroduced ia the United States as textile chemicals shordy before 1940. The solubiUty of these compounds derives from recurring ether linkages ia a polyoxyethylene chain... 

Iminoboianes have been suggested as intermediates in the formation of compounds derived from the pyrolysis of azidoboranes (77). The intermediate is presumed to be a boryl-substituted nitrene, RR BN, which then rearranges to the amino iminoborane, neither of which has been isolated (78). Another approach to the synthesis of amino iminoboranes involves the dehydrohalogenation of mono- and bis(amino)halobotanes as shown in equation 21. Bulky alkah-metal amides, MNR, have been utilized successfully as the strong base,, in such a reaction scheme. Use of hthium-/i /f-butyl(ttimethylsilyl)amide yields an amine, DH, which is relatively volatile (76,79). 

Thiirane is more bactericidal than oxirane, and derivatives of 2-mei captomethylthiirane inhibit tuberculosis. The following pharmacological uses have been reported for compounds derived from thiirane derivatives gold complexes of the adducts of diethylphosphine and thiirane (antiarthritic), adducts of thiiranes and malononitrile (antibacterial, blood vessel dilators, muscle relaxants, sedatives), thermolysis products of thiirane 1-oxides and adducts of thiirane 1-oxides with sulfenyl chlorides (antibacterial), adducts of 2,3-diarylthiirene 1,1-dioxides with ynamines (antibacterial, parasiticidal), adducts of 2,3-diarylthiirene 1,1-dioxides with enamines (antifertility), adducts of p-aminophenylacetic esters with thiirane (immunosuppressants), adducts of amines and thiiranes (radioprotective drugs). 

Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical azo compounds can be made, so that a single radical or two different ones may be generated. The energy for the decomposition can be either thermal or photochemical. In the thermal decomposition, it has been established that the temperature at which decomposition occurs depends on the nature of the substituent groups. Azomethane does not decompose to methyl radicals and nitrogen until temperatures above 400°C are reached. Azo compounds that generate relatively stable radicals decompose at much lower temperatures. Azo compounds derived from allyl groups decompose somewhat above 100°C for example ... 

Other, closely related, nicotinic acid derivatives and the unsubstituted system itself have also been studied and undergo similar reactions. Moreover, the approach may be extended to 2,2 -bipyridyls. Newkome and his collaborators have used the 2,2 -bipyridyl unit 19) as an electrophile in which ortho-hr ommes served as leaving groups. They have also used halomethyl systems and formed the macrocycles from these systems . A compound derived from the latter starting material 20) is reported to form a cobalt complex, in which both nitrogens and only one of the oxygen atoms participate in the binding . The two precursor units are shown below as 79 and 20, respectively. 

Aliphatic (Section 2.1) Term applied to compounds that do not contain benzene or benzene-like rings as structural units. (Historically, aliphatic was used to describe compounds derived from fats and oils.)... 

Icosanoids (Section 26.6) A group of naturally occurring compounds derived from unsaturated C20 carboxylic acids. 

Although the chemistry of zirconium in its lower oxidation states is still relatively unexplored, it is developing. Examples which offer the possibility of further exploitation include the blue, paramagnetic zirconium(III) compound 32) [L2Zr(/r-Cl)2ZrL2] L = C5H3(SiMe3)2-l,3, and the sandwich and half-sandwich compounds derived from cycloheptatriene red... 

Knorr reported the first pyrazole derivative in 1883. The reaction of phenyl hydrazine and ethylacetoacetate resulted in a novel stmcture identified in 1887 as l-phenyl-3-methy 1-5-pyrazolone 9. His interest in antipyretic compounds led him to test these derivatives for antipyretic activity which led to the discovery of antipyrine 10. He introduced the name pyrazole for these compounds to denote that the nucleus was derived from the pyrrole by replacement of a carbon with a nitrogen. He subsequnently prepared many pyrazole analogs, particularly compounds derived from the readily available phenyl hydrazine. The unsubstituted pyrazole wasn t prepared until 1889 by decarboxylation of liT-pyrazole-3,4,5-tricarboxylic acid. ... 

Equilibrium constants and activation parameters have been determined [76ACS(B)101] [for a review see 82AHC(30)127]. Ionization potentials for tautomeric 2-hydroxyselenophenes have been analyzed by comparison with IP data for compounds derived from either tautomeric form. The enol form could not be detected [75ACS(B)647]. 

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