Ternary azeotropic mixtures

Carbon tetrachloride readily dissolves stannic chloride, SnCl, but not ferric chloride, FeCl. Carbon tetrachloride forms a large number of binary and several ternary azeotropic mixtures a partial Hst of the former is shown in Table 3. 

Eig. 14. Schematic isobatic phase diagrams for ternary azeotropic mixtures, (a) Homogeneous Hquid phase at all boiling points (b) heterogeneous... 

Esters of medium volatility are capable of removing the water formed by distillation. Examples are propyl, butyl, and amyl formates, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl acetates, and the methyl and ethyl esters of propionic, butyric, and valeric acids. In some cases, ternary azeotropic mixtures of alcohol, ester, and water are formed. This group is capable of further subdivision with ethyl acetate, all of the ester is removed as a vapor mixture with alcohol and part of the water, while the balance of the water accumulates in the system. With butyl acetate, on the other hand, all of the water formed is removed overhead with part of the ester and alcohol, and the balance of the ester accumulates as a high boiler in the system. 

By redistillation with an additional substance which can form a ternary azeotropic mixture (as in ethanol-... 

Allyl alcohol is a colorless liquid having a pungent odor its vapor may cause severe irritation and injury to eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. It is also corrosive. Allyl alcohol is freely miscible with water and miscible with many polar organic solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons, but is not miscible with n-hexane. It forms an azeotropic mixture with water and a ternary azeotropic mixture with water and organic solvents. Allyl alcohol lias both bacterial and fungicidal effects. Properties of allyl alcohol are shown in Tabic 1. 

KEYES PROCESS. A distillation patcess involving the addition of benzene to a constant-boiling OS, alcohol-water solution to obtain ahsolute 1100 ) alcohol. On distillation, a ternary azeotropic mixture containing all iltree components leaves the lop of the column while anhydrous alcohol leaves the bottom. The azeotrope tvvhich separates into two layers) is redistilled separately for recovery and reuse ol the henzene and alcohol... 

TABLE 4.8 Ternary Azeotropic Mixtures A. Ternary azeotropes containing water and alcohols... 

Here, xt is the mole fraction of component i, n is the number of components, Tcl and Voi are the critical temperature and volume, and w, is the acentric coefficient for species i. In Eq. (3.21), 7h is the normal boiling point in Kelvin at atmospheric pressure, R = 1.987 cal/(molK), and A77v is in cal/mol. Table 3.2 shows the entropy of vaporization of some binary and ternary azeotropic mixtures obtained from the Lee-Kesler correlation. 

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