Linolenic acid, methyl ester

Acetic acid, butyl ester Acetic acid, pentyl ester Acetic acid, decyl ester Acetic acid, benzyl ester Acetic acid, benzyl ester Acetic acid, 1-cyclohexenyl ester Acetic acid, 3-cyclohexenyl ester Butyric acid, benzyl ester Phenylacetic acid, propyl ester Oleic acid, methyl ester Linoleic acid, methyl ester Linolenic acid, methyl ester Adipic acid, methyl ester Adipic acid, ethyl ester Adipic acid, diethyl ester Adipic acid, dipropyl ester Adipic acid, (methylethyl)ester Adipic acid,... 

Linalool, cis, oxide 0 , 1 S172 Linalool, trans, oxide 1 3172 Linalool Pi , Resin , Lf 0 ° Linoleic acid methyl ester 1 73172 Linoleic acid 1 73172 gjCSl34 Linolenic acid methyl ester 0 Linolenic acid 1 3172 gjCSl34 Longifolene, (+) 1 3068 Longifolene 1 3172 qCS156 Inflorescence... 

Lipid standards (2°/o solutions in chloroform) a triacylglycerol (triolein), cholesterol ester (cholesterol linoleate), fatty acid (palmitoleic, oleic, etc.), fatty acid methyl ester (linolenic acid, methyl ester), a glycerophosphatide (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethano-lamine, etc.), a diacylglycerol (diolein), and a monoacylglycerol (monoolein). 

I Average conversion yield Linolenic acid methyl ester Linoleic acid methyl ester Oleic acid methyl ester... 

Johnson-Matthey Co. has reported that oleic acid methyl ester or linoleic acid methyl ester can be hydroformylated in micellar media using a water-soluble rhodium complex of monocarboxylated triphenylphosphine 45 as catalyst. As a further example, polyunsaturated linolenic acid methyl ester can be hydroformylated to the triformyl derivative with a selectivity of 55% with a Rh/TPPTS catalytic system in the presence of CTAB (Scheme 1.23). ... 

The fatty acid methyl ester contents in the reaction mixture were determined using a Donam 6100 GC gas chromatograph (Donam, South Korea) equipped with an HP-INNOWAX capillary column (30m x 0.32imn x 0.5 pm) and an flame ionization detector. The column oven temperature was maintained at 210 °C for analysis. The injector and detector temperatures were set to 250 and 250 °C, respectively. Helium was utilized as a carrier gas. The gas chromatography calibration was conducted via the analysis of standard solutions of palmitic acid methyl ester, stearic acid methyl ester, oleic acid methyl ester, linoleic acid methyl ester, linolenic acid methyl ester, and erucic acid methyl ester. The internal standard was diluted in pyridine, as were the reaction mixture samples. The conversion was expressed as the percentage of fatty acid methyl esters generated relative to the theoretical maximiun quantity, based on the amount of original oils. In this paper, the conversion was expressed as the fatty acid methyl ester content or in accordance with conversion. 

V-V- Linolenic acid methyl ester, -0-0- linoleic acid methyl ester, x-x- 2-nonenal, T-T-T 2,4-heptadienal, nonanal... 

C12 to C20, primarily Ci6 to ( is), used as surface lubricants in the manufacture of food-contact articles. The method, which uses ethyl palmitate (Eastman Chemicals No. 1575 Red Label) as an internal standard, has been validated at 200 ppm total FAME [185]. Other FAME standards (methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate) are available (Applied Science Laboratories) [116], Worked out examples of additive determinations are given in the Food Additives Analytical Manual [116], which also describes a great many of indirect food additives, such as BHA, BHT, TBHQ, l-chloro-2-propanol, DLTDP, fatty acid methyl esters, w-heptyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl-gallate, sodium benzoate, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, sorbitol and phenolic antioxidants. EPA methods 606 and 8060 describe the CGC separation of phthalate esters (direct injection) (cf. Figure 4.2). 

Reaction temperature and time were significant operating parameters, which are closely related to the energy costs, of the biodiesel production process. Figure 7 shows the effect of reaction time on the transesterification of rapeseed oil at a catalyst concentration of 1%, molar ratio of 1 6, and 60°C. Within 5 min, the reaction was rapid. Rapeseed oil was converted to above 85% within 5 min and reached equilibrium state after about 10 min. Several researchers reported that the conversion of vegetable oils to FAME was achieved above 80% within 5 min with a sufficient molar ratio (8,11). For a reaction time of 60 min, linoleic acid methyl ester was produced at a low conversion rate, whereas oleic and linolenic methyl ester were rapidly produced. 

Figure 12 The mass spectrum of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of linolenic acid (C18 2A9-12) contains no readily discernable structural information beyond the molecular ion (a). However, the dimethyloxazoline (DMOX) derivative, in which the charge is retained by the heterocyclic ring, can undergo charge remote fragmentation yielding a mass spectrum from which the location of the double bonds, but not their geometry (c/ s versus trans), can be readily determined (b). The latter stereochemistry can usually be distinguished by the GC retention time on an appropriate column.

Octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid methyl ester, (Z) cis-9-cis-12-cis-15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester Methyl linolenate... 

Octadecatrlenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- methyl linolenate ... 

Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester methyl linolenate H3C-(CH2CH=CH)3-(CH2)7-C00CH3 v-3 ... 

Laurie acid, myristic acid, caproic acid Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid Methyl or ethyl esters of lauric acid, myristic acid, oleic acid... 

Fig. 2. Partial gas chromatogram of total cyclic fatty acid methyl esters derived from a-linolenic acid. A Cp-Wax 52CB (25 m x 0.25 mm i.d., 0.20 pm film thickness) capillary column was used. There was an initial temperature of 160°C for 5 min followed by a program at 0.5°C/min to 180°C. Peaks a-h were cyclopentenyl acids and i-p were cyclohexenyl acids. Source Ref. 22.

In a comparative study of the reproducibility of results obtained by the two techniques for the analysis of blood lipids Mares et al. (1983) concluded that the variations obtained with the TLC-FID system were much higher than those obtained by GC. However, recent improvements in the latroscan detection system are likely to increase significantly the reproducibility for this type of analyses. Sebedio and Ackman (1981) analysed a synthetic mixture of fatty acid methyl esters on silver-nitrate-impregnated Chroma-rods and compared the results with those obtained from conventional GC. Comparable results were obtained by the two methods for all methyl esters, except for methyl linolenate, the quantity of which was substantially overestimated by the TLC-FID method. 

Roots of Echinacea purpurea contain up to 0.2% essential oil [4, 14,15, 21, 67, 69, 74]. According to Becker [75] and Martin [76] it is composed of 2.1% caryophyl-lene, 0.6% humulene and 1.3% caryophyllene epoxide. Heinzer et al. [14] have analyzed the essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and found compounds of the type dodeca-2,4- dien-l-yl-isovalerate, as well as palmitic and linolenic acid, vanillin, p-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester and germacrene D, which had already been reported by Bohlmann and Hoffmann [27] for the aerial parts of the plant. Nevertheless, . purpurea roots are not a typical essential oil drug, and therefore analysis of the essential oil has not been used often for standardization purposes of phytopreparations. However, gas chromatography of the essential oil can be used for the discrimination of the species (see Fig. 1) [14]. 

By the effect of a Rh/C catalyst modified with PPhg at 140 bar syngas pressure and 110 °C on a complex substrate mixture of fatty acid methyl esters with one or more double bonds, besides the formation of monoformyl stearate, some diformy-lated products were found [34]. Moreover, unsaturated monoformyl esters were detected together with triformyl esters derived from methyl linolenate. The formation of 1,4-diformyl esters in the hydroformylation of methyl linoleate over the 1,3-diformyl isomers was explained by the thermodynamic stability of the transient Rh-acyl complex A over the chelate B with a smaller ring size. 

In quantitative analysis one should be aware of the use of technical products, such as linear ph-thalates (some important plasticiser alcohols are mixtures of C9-C11 mixtures), branched chain ph-thalates (C6-C12 mixtures), chlorinated paraffin plasticisers (C10-C12, C12-C14, C14-C17, C18-C20 fractions) [4]. Other technical products, such as fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which comprise methyl laurate (C12, saturated), palmitate (Cie, saturated), stearate (Cis, saturated), oleic (Cis l), linoleic (Cis 2), linolenic (Cis 3), and arachidic (C2o 0) components, are typically accounted for by taking the total area of the methyl esters in each GC chromatogram [5]. Also lubricating agents are generally composed of primary fatty amide mixtures, such as palmitamide/stearamide/oleamide (20-25/70-80/2-5), caprylamide/capramide/laura-mide/myristamide/palmitamide/stearamide/linolea-mide (7-10/6-8/40-60/15-20/8-10/1-3/1-3), or... 

The increased interest in applications of (a-3 fatty acids in food and pharmaceutical industries attracted a lot of attention to camelina seed oil because of its high a-linolenic acid (o)-3) and natural antioxidants contents (Pilgeram et al., 2007). Because of its high y-tocopherol contenL camelina oil is very stable has longer shelf-life than many of the other commodity oils. Camelina oil and meal can be used in animal rations, food formulations, cosmetics, soaps, and in other industrial applications, such as fatty acid methyl esters and jet fuel production. Camelina oil is registered as a commercial food oil in many European countries and Canada (Ghamkhar et al., 2010). 

Today palm oil is widely used in food applicahons and preferred for frying and baking applications because of its good oxidative stability and high solid fat content. Palm oil contains about 50% saturated (42 8% palmitic and 4-5% stearic acids) and 50% unsaturated fatty acids (37-41% linoleic and 9-11% linolenic acids). The fatty acid composition of palm kernel oil resembles that of the coconut oil rather than that of palm oil. Palm kernel oil is rich in lauric (about 48%), myristic (16%) and oleic (15%) acids. Both palm oil and pahn kernel oil are commercially separated into stearin (solid) and olein (liquid) fractions for special applications. The stearin fraction obtained from palm kernel can be used as a cocoa butter substitute. The olein fraction is used in baked goods and soap manufacturing. Imitation palm-oil-based cheese, hand and body lotion, fatty acid methyl esters for use as fuel or solvent, and epoxidized pahn oil to produce plasticizers and stabilizers for conventional polyvinyl chloride plastics are some of the other products that are produced from palm oil (Basiron, 2005). 

Trade Names Crossential L90 Emerso 315 Pamolyn 200 Pamolyn 240 9,12-Linoleic acid. See Linoleic acid Linoleic acid diethanolamide. See Linoleamide DEA Linoleic acid ethyl ester. See Ethyl linoleate Linoleic acid methyl ester. See Methyl linoleate Linoleic diethanolamide. See Linoleamide DEA Linolenic acid... 

In soybean lecithin, the acyl groups consist of oleic, linoleic, linolenic, stearic, and palmitic acids. Hydrogenated lecithin contains only stearic and palmitic acid groups. Lecithin can be characterized in terms of its total fatty acid composition. Total fatty acid composition is determined by saponification of the ester and esterification of the isolated acids with BF3 in methanol, followed by gas chromatography of the fatty acid methyl esters (33). There is evidence that methanolic sodium methoxide gives the best yields in transesterification (34). 

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