N-Valeric acid

The gas is dried by passage through wash bottles containing concentrated sulphuric acid. Alternatively and more simply, the technique (described below for n.valeric acid) utilising solid carbon dioxide (Dry Ice or Drikold) may be employed. 

Alternatively, the solution of the Grignard reagent may be poured on to solid carbon dioxide (Dry Ice)—for experimental details, see under n-Valeric Acid, Section 111,84. 

Amino-n-valeric acid hydrochloride [627-95-2] M 153.6, m 103-104 . Crystd from CHCI3. 

The action of anabasine is similar to that of nicotine. When the piperidine ring of anabasine is opened to produce 8-amino-8-3-pyridyl-n-valeric acid the activity is reduced, and this is also true of the corresponding lactam and the benzoyl derivative. According to De Eds myosmine is less toxic than nicotine but more active on isolated guinea-pig intestine. ... 

Place a mixture of 25 5 g. of n-valeric acid (Sections 111,83 and 111,84), 30 g. (37-5 ml.) of dry n-propyl alcohol, 50 ml. of sodium-dried benzene and 10 g. (5-5 ml.) of concentrated sulphuric acid in a 250 ml. round-bottomed flask equipped with a vertical condenser, and reflux for 36 hours. Pour into 250 ml. of water and separate the upper layer. Extract the aqueous layer with ether, and add the extract to the benzene solution. Wash the combined extracts with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution until effervescence ceases, then with water, and dry with anhydrous magnesium sulphate. Remove the low boiling point solvents by distillation (use the apparatus of Fig. II, 13, 4 but with a Claisen flask replacing the distilling flask) the temperature will rise abruptly and the n-propyl n-valerate will pass over at 163-164°. The yield is 28 g. 

N-VALERIC ACID ISOBUTYL FORMATE N-PROPYL ACETATE ETHYL PROPIONATE METHYL BUTYRATE METHYL ISOBUTYRATE PIPERIDINE N-PENTANE 2-METHYL BUTANE 2 2-DIMETHYL PROPANE... 

Biotin (2 -keto-3,4-imidazolido-2-tetrahydro-thiophene-n-valeric acid). 

Raffinate-II typically consists of40 % 1-butene, 40 % 2-butene and 20 % butane isomers. [RhH(CO)(TPPTS)3] does not catalyze the hydroformylation of internal olefins, neither their isomerization to terminal alkenes. It follows, that in addition to the 20 % butane in the feed, the 2-butene content will not react either. Following separation of the aqueous catalyts phase and the organic phase of aldehydes, the latter is freed from dissolved 2-butene and butane with a counter flow of synthesis gas. The crude aldehyde mixture is fractionated to yield n-valeraldehyde (95 %) and isovaleraldehyde (5 %) which are then oxidized to valeric add. Esters of n-valeric acid are used as lubricants. Unreacted butenes (mostly 2-butene) are hydroformylated and hydrogenated in a high pressure cobalt-catalyzed process to a mixture of isomeric amyl alcohols, while the remaining unreactive components (mostly butane) are used for power generation. Production of valeraldehydes was 12.000 t in 1995 [8] and was expected to increase later. 

Fig. 8.3. GC chromatogram of mixed silage juice standards using a Carbopack B-DA column. Identity and concentrations (before diluting 4 1 standard 0.3 M oxalic acid) a, ethanol, 1 mg mM b, acetic acid, 1.25 mg mM c, propionic acid, 0.25 mg ml" d, isobutyric acid, 0.25 mg mM e, n-butyric acid, 0.25 mg mM f, pivalic acid (internal standard), 0.4 mg mM g, isovaleric acid, 0.25 mg mM h, lactic acid, 10 mg mM i, n-valeric acid, 0.25 mg mM j, isocaproic acid, 0.25 mg mM k, n-caproic acid, 0.25 mg mM.

Promotion of Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification of N-Valeric Acid and Citro-neUol in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in the Near-Critical Region (Ikushima et al 1996). 

Fig. 6.112. Comparison of coverage vs. potential curves for (o) experimental and ( ) theoretical [Eq. (6.270)] results predicted by the adsorption model for the adsorption of (a) 10-5 M phenol and (b) 10""4 M n-valeric acid on platinum electrodes. Under these experimental conditions, the pzc was found to be at about 0.35 V. (Reprinted from J. O M. Bockris and K. T. Jeng, J. Electroanal. Chem. 330 541, Copyright 1992, Figs. 18,19, and 20, with permission of Elsevier Science.)...

---