Alkanolamide sulfates

We have to mention a less important surfactant group very close to the above alkyl ether sulfate it comprises the ethoxylated alkanolamide sulfates. These surfactants are obtained by the sul tion of ethoxylated amides. The products have properties similar to alkyl ether sulfates but remain too expensive to find profitable prospects therefore, it is not necessary to cover them in a separate section and they will not be discussed any further. 

Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. Alkanolamines ate important taw materials in the manufacture of creams (95—97), lotions, shampoos, soaps, and cosmetics. Soaps (98) formed from triethanolamine and fatty acids ate mild, with low alkalinity and excellent detergency. Triethanolamine lauryl sulfate is a common base for shampoos (99—101) and offers significant mildness over sodiumlauryl sulfate. Diethanolamine lauryl sulfate and fatty acid soaps of mono- and trietban olamine can also be used in shampoos and bubble bath formulations. Chemistry similar to that used in soluble oils and other emulsifiers is appUcable to cleansing creams and lotions (102,103). Alkanolamides or salts ate added to the shampoo base to give a smooth, dense foam (104). 

Sulfated Acids, Amides, and Esters. Reaction with sulfuric acid may be carried out on fatty acids, alkanolamides, and short-chain esters of fatty acids. The disodium salt of sulfated oleic acid is a textile additive and an effective lime soap dispersant. A typical sulfated alkanolamide stmcture is CiiH23C0NHCH2CH20S03Na. Others include the sulfates of mono and diethanolamides of fatty acids in the detergent range. The presence of... 

APG, alkyl polyglucoside FAA, fatty acid alkanolamide FAEO, fatty alcohol ethoxylate FAES, fatty alcohol ether sulfate FAGA, fatty acid glucamide FAS, fatty alcohol sulfate LAS, linear alkylbenzenesulfonate SAS, secondary alkanesulfonate. 

Alcohol ether sulfate solutions are easily thickened by the addition of electrolytes and other surfactants, particularly alkanolamides, and even highly di-... 

Alcohol ether sulfates are used in mixture with sulfonates, either alkyl-benzenesulfonates or a-olefinsulfonates, and other surfactants, such as fatty alkanolamides, in manual liquid dishwashing detergents and light-duty detergents. These combinations show the excellent emulsifying and foaming properties required in dishwashing. 

These are two chemically different groups of products which have distinct application fields. Both product groups are obtained by reacting maleic acid anhydride (MA) with hydroxyl group(s)-carrying molecules, followed by sulfation of the intermediate product, an ester. Whereas the diester types are mainly made from a few different branched and unbranched alcohols, the monoester are derived from a wide variety of raw materials fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acid alkanolamides, their etho-xylates, and others. All these raw materials—with the exception of the branched chains—may be obtained from natural renewable resources. 

The sulfated alkanolamides are another type of very efficient LSDA which require a three-step synthesis. 

Industrial surfactants find uses in almost every industry, from asphalt manufacturing to carpet fibers, from pulp and paper production to leather processing. Examples of the types of chemicals used as surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfates, alkanolamides, alkoxylates, sulfosuccinates, amines, quaternaries, phosphate esters, acid esters, blockcopolymers, betaines, imidazolines, alkyl sulfonates, etc. 

Salts, generally sodium but also triethanolammonium, of long-chain alcohol sulfates and alcohol ether sulfates are the most widely used surfactants in shampoo formulations. Alkanolamides act as viscosity regulators and foam stabilizers. 

U.S. 4,554,098 (1985) Klisch et al. (Colgate-Palmolive) Alkyl ether sulfate, nonsoap anonionic, zwitterionic, and alkanoic acid alkanolamide Reduced skin irritation good cleaning and foaming... 

An important reason besides cleaning for using combinations of primary and secondary surfactants is to improve the quality and volume of foam. As discussed in Section II.A.2, some secondary surfactants such as betaines, amine oxides, and fatty alkanolamides also act as foam modifiers. They change the foams from a loose lacy structure generated by lauryl and laureth sulfates to rich and creamy foams. 

Alkanolamides are similar to amine oxides in that their principal application is as foam stabilizers (boosters) in hand dishwashing formulations. Alkanolamides, however, are generally preferred in linear alkylben-zene sulfonate/alcohol-ether-sulfate-based formulations, while amine oxides seem to be the preferred foam stabilizer for alcohol sulfate/alcohol-ether-sulfate-based formulations. 

Alkylbenzene sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, secondary alkanesulfonate, soap, ethoxylated alcohol sulfate, alcohol-sulfate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate Ethoxylated phenol, ethoxylated alcohol, amine oxide, alkanolamide, alkyl polyglucoside, alkyl polyalkylene glycol ether Phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, silicate, citrate, gluconate, polyacrylate, EDTA-salt, phosphonate Alcohol, alcohol glycol ether, pine oil, rt-limonene Sodium/potassium hydroxide, alkanol-amine, ammonia, magnesium hydroxide Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumene sulfonate, dialkyldiphenylether disulfonate... 

The superamides are very good thickeners for liquid detergents and shampoos containing sodium lauryl sulfate [7] or ether sulfate [8]. Alkanolamides are very often produced using standardized multipurpose reactor configuration. An example is shown in Figure 13.2 [9]. 

Surfactants Are the most important components improve the wetting ability of water, emusify and remove soil particles Alkylbenzene sulfates, e.g. linear alkylbenzene sidfonate (LAS) Alcohol sulfates, e.g. Fatty alcohol sulfates (FAS) Alcohol ether sulfates ot-Olefin sulfonates Alcohol ethoxylates Alkylphenol ethoxylates Fatty alkanolamides Fatty amine oxides Alkylpolyglucucosides Betaines Imidazolinium salts Quaternary ammonium compounds ... 

These surfactant classes are a subset of those used in cleaning applications, and there are classes that are noticeably absent from the list above, such as alcohol sulfates, salts of fatty acids (soaps), alkanolamides, aliphatic sulfonates, betaines (amphoterics), methyl ester sulfonates and the relatively new alkyl polyglycosides. All of these have seen various applications in the petroleum industry, but perhaps lesser importance in EOR. Cost, availability and performance are the obvious issues in determining the potential use of surfactants in EOR. 

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