Surfactants industrial

There are no statistics available for microemulsion products or their aimual values, but data for the surfactant industry can be taken as a guide. Annually updated Hsts of commercial surfactants and their suppHers are available from several sources (57,58). Chemical Engineering Nem aimuaHy pubhshes a... 

Poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] may be abbreviated PPO and copolymers of PO and ethylene oxide (EO) are referred to as EOPO. Diol poly(propylene oxide) is commonly referred to by the common name poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Propylene oxide [75-56-9] and poly(propylene oxide) and its copolymers, with ethylene oxide, have by far the largest volume and importance in the polyurethane (PUR) and surfactant industry compared to all other polyepoxides. Articles reviewing propylene oxide (1), poly(propylene oxide) (2—4), other poly(aIkylene oxides) (4), and polyurethanes (5—7) are cited to lead the interested reader to additional detail not in the scope of this article. 

Ryoo, W., Webber, S.E. and Johnston, K.P. (2003) Water-in-carbon dioxide microemulsions with methylated branched hydrocarbon surfactants. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 42 (25), 6348-6358. 

By the nature of its content, with contributions from experienced practitioners, the book aims to serve as a practical reference for researchers, post docs, PhD-students and postgraduates as well as risk assessors working on surfactants in environmental laboratories, environmental agencies, the surfactant industry, the water industry and sewage treatment facilities. Each chapter includes extensive references to the literature and also contains detailed investigations. The broad spectrum of the book and its application to environmental priority compounds makes it unique in many ways. 

The PRISTINE project, and thus the content of the present book, provides policy makers and industry with detailed information on analysis and concentrations of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment. Furthermore, the book provides relevant information to all groups working in the field of surfactants in environmental laboratories, environmental agencies, the surfactant industry, water industry and sewage treatment facilities. 

Alcohols in the range C12—Ci8 are important raw materials for the production of a key group of surfactants ethoxylates, sulfates and ethoxysulfates among others. Alcohols used in the surfactant industry are primary, linear, or with different degrees of branching, and they can be produced from either petrochemical sources (ethylene or linear paraffins) or from oleochemical products (animal fats and vegetable oils). 

Other alcohols used in the surfactant industry, although of minor importance, are the Guerbet alcohols obtained by self-condensation of lower alcohols to yield products in the range of 16-26 carbons with a high degree of branching. 

Octyl- and nonylphenol are well known raw materials used in the surfactant industry since the early 1960s, mainly for the production of their corresponding ethoxylated derivatives (APE). Today, these products have lost considerable importance in this industry as a consequence of substantial environmental threats, resulting from their relatively slow biodegradation, toxicity of their biodegradation metabolites and positive endocrine-disrupting reactions. 

Ethoxylation of alcohols, alkylphenols, fatty acids, and many other organic raw materials is also a very important reaction for the surfactant industry, used to produce a broad variety of surfactants, most of which belong to the non-ionics group. The reaction with propoxylation (PO) is also practised, although to a lesser degree. The product used for ethoxylation is EO, or PO in the case of propoxylation, and is conducted using alkaline catalysts such as NaOH or NaOCH3. 

Investigation of the pronounced resistance of ABS to microbial degradation demonstrated that the branched alkyl chain derived from tetrapropylene was responsible for the longevity of ABS in the aquatic environment [74], Shortly after this discovery, the surfactant industry reacted and made attempts—in some countries additionally forced by legal restrictions—to provide an alternative surfactant with comparable functional properties, but with inherent biodegradability. The outcome was the introduction of LAS on the detergent market. After the switch from ABS to LAS in almost all nations in the mid 1960s, a substantial drop in the levels of ABS was observed [8],... 

The traditional major source for the nonionic surfactant industry is fatty acid triglycerides from both animal and vegetable sources as the saturated or unsaturated acids. The saturated acids include lauric acid (w-dodecanoic), myristic acid (n-tetradecanoic), palmitic acid ( -hexadecanoic),and stearic acid (n-octadecanoic). The unsaturated acids include oleic acid (Z-9-octadecenoic) and linoleic acid (Z,Z-9,12-octadecadienoic). Of the 200 non-ionic surfactants... 

Anionic surfactant Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, C] 2 25 3 supplied by Nihon Surfactant Industries Co., Ltd Tokyo, Japan. It was extracted with ether and recrystallized from ethanol. The purity was ascertained by surface tension measurement. Nonionic surfactant Alkyl poly(oxyethylene) ether (CjjPOEjj, CmH2nhPlO(CH2CH20)2oH, m=12, 14, 16, and 18 Ci6H330(CH2CH20) H, n=10, 20, 30, and 40) were supplied by Nihon Surfactant Industries Co., Ltd. These have a narrow molecular weight distribution. 

This legislation will have an impact on the surfactant industry. There will be an extra cost of testing, an increase in work load to compile the dossiers which will put up costs and there will be cases where the product will be removed from the market place as it will no longer be commercially viable. 

The surfactant industry is well established and the amount of information on these products varies according to their use and target market. It is safe to say that many are made in large tonnages and will fall into the 100-1000 tonne bands for registration some maybe... 

Surfactants are not new the oldest surfactant is soap which dates back well over 2000 years although the modern surfactant industry has developed essentially since the Second World War, utilising the expansion of the petrochemical industry as one of its main sources of raw materials. Chapter 1 covers the development of the industry and elaborates on the importance ofsurfactants in modern day living and the verymany areas where theyfind application. 

The Editor would like to thank the authors of each chapter or section for their time and effort in contributing to this book which provides a state-of-the-art review of the surfactant industry. Thanks are also due to their employers, be they companies or universities, for their support and permission to publish. 

Aqueous molecular assemblies such as micelles and bilayer membranes are formed by the self-assembly of amphiphihc compounds (Figure 11.la, b) [10]. Aqueous micelles have been utihzed for a variety of apphcations in surfactant industry, including emulsification, washing, and extraction processes [11]. BUayer membranes are basic structural components of biomembranes, and their structures are maintained even in dilute aqueous media. This is in contrast to micelles that show dynamic equihbrium between aggregates and monomeric species. Thus bilayers are more stable and sophisticated self-assemblies, and they require suitable molecular design of the constituent amphiphiles. BUayer membranes and vesicles have wide-ranging applications, as exemphfied by drug dehvery [12], sensors [13], and bilayer-templated material synthesis [14]. 

Adhesives sealarrls Specialty surfactants Industrial institutional cleaners Corrosion inhibilors Water-soluble polymers Oil field chemicals... 

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