Aliphatic sulfonates

Sulfonates, aliphatic 388, 389 Sulfonic acids 91 Sulfur dioxide, dipole moment 97 Sulfur dioxide vapor reagent 86 Sulfuric acid, reagent 87,195, 333,411,426 Sulfurous acid reagent (alternative to 2-mer-captoethanol) 381 Sulfuryl chloride vapor reagent 86... 

Sulfonates, aliphatic la 388, 389 Sulfones lb 321,360 Sulfonic acids la 91 Sulfonylurea derivatives lb 204 Sulfoxides lb 321,358,360,372,373,374 Sulfur compounds lb 338 Sulfur-containing compounds lb 301,339 Sulfur dioxide vapor la 86 -, dipole moment la 97 Sulfur, divalent lb 302 Sulfuric acid la 87,195,333,411,426 Sulfur ions lb 302 Sulfutyl chloride vapor la 86 Sulpyrid lb 268 Sunflower seed oil lb 286 Surfactant-TLC plates la 89 Sweeteners la 44, 388-390 Swep la 108... 

Field, J.A., D.J. Miller, T.M. Field, S.B. Hawthorne, and W. Giger. 1992. Quantitative determination of sulfonated aliphatic and aromatic surfactants in sewage sludge by ion-pair/supercritical fluid extraction and derivatization gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 64, 3161-3167. 

With long-chain hydrocarbons, such as oil, where hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions of the molecule exist, surface-tension effects will be significant, and may result in foaming and possible acceleration of carryover. The alkalinity of the boiler water may saponify any fatty acids present, producing a crude soap that may foam. Soaps, sulfated oils and alcohol, sulfonated aliphatics and aroma.ics, quaternary ammonium compounds, nonionic organic ethers and esters, and various fine particles, act as emulsifiers that can increase foaming. 

Sulfonation Via the Use of Sultones. Direct sulfonation is generally not possible when aliphatic side chains are present. However, sulfonated aliphatic side chains can be produced via the reactions of polyphosphazenes that bear aliphatic amino side groups widi sultones (55) (Scheme IV). The pendent terminal amino units must be introduced by a protection-deprotection route (see later). 

Once simple sulfides (thioethers) enter the systemic circulation, they are rapidly oxidized to sulfoxides and, depending on the structure of the thioether, may be further oxidized to sulfones. Aliphatic thioethers yield mixtures of sulfoxide and sulfone urinary metabolites (Damani, 1987). Enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and flavin-containing monooxygenases catalyse the oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides (Renwick, 1989). Oxidation of sulfoxides to the corresponding sulfones occurs both in tissues and in aerobic microorganisms and is an irreversible metabolic reaction in mammals (Damani, 1987). Sulfoxides can also be metabolized back to the thioether by thioredoxin and its reductase and by the gut microflora in the anaerobic environment of the lower bowel (Lee Renwick, 1995). 

PAES with pendant sulfonated aliphatic side chains have been prepared by a nucleophilic substitution polycondensation and sulfoakylation reaction [94]. 3, 3-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-l-isobenzopyrrolidone and 4,4 -difluorodiphenyl sulfone or 3,3, 4,4 -tefrafluoro-diphenylsulfone were used as monomers. Membranes formed from these polymers displayed a low water uptake and swelling ratio both at ambient temperature... 

Gao N, Zhang F, Zhang S, Liu J. Novel cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone)s with pendant sulfonated aliphatic side chains for proton exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 2011 372(l-2) 49-56. 

BasicaUy, the sulfonated aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters should contain up to 4 mol-% of sulfonate groups based on the total aUphatic dicarboxyUc acid component. 

The sulfonated aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters exhibit improved thermal properties, in particular, a desirable balance of high temperature properties and improved compostabUity Sulfonated polyesters can be prepared as follows (60) ... 

Sulfonated aliphatic-aromatic copolyetheresters have been found to be useful within a wide variety of shaped articles. These articles... 

Sulfonated aliphatic-aromatic copolyetheresters may also find utility as plastic containers. The preferred method for molding a container is stretch-blow molding, which is generally used in the production of PET containers. Subsequently, a method of preparation is illustrated (61). 

R.A. Hayes, Sulfonated aliphatic-aromatic copolyetheresters, US Patent 7 625 994, assigned to E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE), December 1, 2009. 

Petroleum sulfonates are prepared by sulfonation of hydrocarbons most commercial products are actually byproducts of petroleum refining. In the case of natural petroleum sulfonates, they are produced by sulfonation of crude oil fractions. The purpose of the sulfonation is removal of a portion of the aromatics from the oil and the resulting byprod-uct/coproduct stream is a complex mixture of sulfonated aliphatic and (mainly) aromatic hydrocarbons. To complicate matters, the term petroleum sulfonates is also applied to materials produced by sulfonation of synthetic materials, such as alkylbenzenes (detergent alkylate). In this case, a higher boiling alkylbenzene feedstock is used than for the production of surfactants for household detergents. The products therefore have only limited water solubility. 

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