Alkyl polyglycosides

Alkylphenols Alkyl polyglycosides N-Alkylpyrroles Alkyl thiophenes Alkyltins Alkynes... 

All l Polyglycosides. The alkyl polyglycosides (APGs) are unusual in offering a hydrophile based on natural, ie, sugar (qv), chemistry ... 

Kuehn, A.V., Neubert, R.H.H. (2004). Characterization of mixtures of alkyl polyglycosides (plantacare). by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Pharm. Res. 21(12), 2347-2353. 

Fig. 2.1.8. Mass chromatogram of silylated alkyl polyglycosides. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [132]. 1998 by Carl Hanser...

Alkyl polyglycosides have long been known but only now, following several years research, has it been possible to develop reaction conditions that allow manufacture on a commercial scale. The structure on which these compounds are based corresponds exactly to the surfactant model described above. The hydro-phobic (or lipophilic) hydrocarbon chain is formed by a fatty alcohol (dodecanol/ tetradecanol) obtained from palm kernel oil or coconut oil. The hydrophilic part of the molecule is based on glucose (dextrose) obtained from starch (Fig. 4.14). 

A new industrial process based on the reaction of sodium monochloroacetate with aqueous alkyl polyglycoside (without additional solvents) enables the manufacturing of this product in an economically and ecologically favorable way (Fig. 4.16). 

The intelligent combination of alkyl polyglycoside and glyceryl oleate resulted in a new product that combines emulsifying and cleansing properties with outstand-... 

A. Behler, H. Hensen, W. Seipel, Alkyl Polyglycoside Carboxylate - A New Anionic Surfactant, Proceedings 6th World Surfactant Congress, Cesio 2004, Berlin, June 20-23, 2004. 

Steber, J., Guhl, W., Stelter, N. and Schroder, F.R. (1995) Alkyl polyglycosides-ecological evaluation of a new generation of nonionic surfactants. Tenside Surf. Det., 32, 515-523. 

Willing, A., Messinger, H., and Aulmann., W. (2004) Ecology and Toxicology of Alkyl Polyglycosides. Handbook of Detergents, Part B Environmental Impact, in (ed. Zoller, U.,), Marcel Dekker,... 

Another class of nonionic surfactants are the alkyl glycosides, also known as alkyl polyglycosides [518], They consist of mono- or oligosucrose, glucose, or sorbitol as hydrophilic head group with an alkyl chain as hydrophobic tail. 

Tesmann, H., Kahre, J., Hensen, H. and Salka, B.A. (1997) Alkyl polyglycosides in personal care products. In K.H. Hill, von W. Rybinski and G. Stoll, (eds). Alkyl Polyglycosides. VCH Verlagsge-sellschaft mbH Weinheim, pp 71-98. 

ABS—Alkylbenzene sulfonate AE—alcohol ethoxylate AES—alkyl ether sulfonate AOS—alpha olefin sulfonate APE—alkyl phenol ethoxylate APG—alkyl polyglycoside AS—alkyl sulfate... 

Fig. 8.40 Synthesis of alkyl polyglycosides and their fatty acid esters.

Coco-Based Surfactants. The most important coconut oil-based surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfate, fatty alcohol ether sulfate, and fatty alcohol polyglycol ether. Two relatively new coco-based surfactants are fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate and alkyl polyglycoside, which is produced from fatty alcohol and starch or sugar, both renewable materials. 

Alkyl phosphates, also coco based, are formed by the reaction of fatty alcohol with phosphorous pentoxide. The product is a mixture of monoesters and diesters. Its sodium salt (MAP) is reportedly mild and is used in facial wash, such as Kao s Biore. Other uses are as antistatics in textile auxiliaries, corrosion inhibitors, surfactant additives for extreme pressure (EP) lubricants, and surfactant components in alkali and acid cleaners. Coco-based alkyl polyglycosides (APG) have been successfully produced and marketed by Henkel in the United States. The alkyl polyglycoside fuUy satisfies the demand for a mild surfactant and is completely biodegradable. 

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