Leather processing

Leather-like materials Leather processing Leather tanning... 

Enzymes in the Tannery. The processing of skins and hides for leather (qv) has been based on enzymes ever since 1908 when Otto Rn hm patented the first standardized bate based on pancreatic enzymes (78). Leather chemistry research helped to improve understanding of the bating process, and at the same time spurred on developments to improve leather processing (79). 

Lipases, 3 675-676 10 281-282 cotton modification, 8 30 immobilized, 10 306 in leather processing, 10 306 in personal care products, 10 306 Lipid emulsions, 10 130 Lipidil, molecular formula and structure, 5 14 It... 

J.-P. Xie Dyeing, J.F. Ding, T.J. Mason, and G.E. Attenburrow, Influence of power ultrasound on leather processing. Part 1, Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association, 1999, 94, 146-157. 

Although the main applications of microbial transglutaminases remain in the food sector, novel potential applications have emerged during the last decade. These applications cover the areas of biomedical engineering, material science, textiles and leather processing. For a recent excellent review by Zhu and Tramper see [55]. 

Industrial surfactants find uses in almost every industry, from asphalt manufacturing to carpet fibers, from pulp and paper production to leather processing. Examples of the types of chemicals used as surfactants are fatty alcohol sulfates, alkanolamides, alkoxylates, sulfosuccinates, amines, quaternaries, phosphate esters, acid esters, blockcopolymers, betaines, imidazolines, alkyl sulfonates, etc. 

Sodium orthophenyl phenate remains an important ingredient in the treatment of cooling waters. Both orthophenyl and its sodium salt have a wide spectmm of preservative use, including caulks, construction products, and leather processing. Similady, zra-chloro-z /tf-xylenol is used to preserve a number of water-based goods, including inks (qv), emulsions, and shoe polish, in addition to providing mold resistance to leather. 

TCDD forms during the manufacture of 2,4,5-TCP. 2,4,5-TCP has been used in cooling towers and in paper, pulp, and leather processing (Hutzinger et al. 1985). 2,4,5-TCP was used to produce the bactericide hexachlorophene and phenoxy-herbicides like 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acids (2,4,5-T). 

Review of RoSH published on 10 December 2008 will impose a review with REACH directive The risk assessment for short chain (C10—C13) chloroparaffins (SCCPs) was completed with the conclusion that the use of SCCPs in metal working and leather processing poses a risk to the aquatic environment. As a consequence, risk reduction measures have been implemented (EU Directive 2002/45). No significant risks to human health were identified. In all applications where they are used as flame retardants, no risk of secondary poisoning through accumulation in the environment or the food chain was found. Further studies of SCCPs have been specified by EU Regulation 642/2005 emissions and biodegradation in marine environment. 

There are a number of industrial applications for paraffin sulphonates, such as EOR, leather processing and metal cleaning, which exploit their high solubility, chemical stability and electrolyte tolerance. 

Sivakumar, V. and Rao, P.G. 2001. Application of power ultrasound in leather processing An eco-friendly approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 9 25-33. 

Dyes and color pigments Leather tanning and leather processing Rayon and synthetic hber manufacturing Sodium/potassium cyanide-associated industries Basic drugs manufacturing Foundry industries Storage batteries (lead acid type)... 

Enzymes find commercial use in detergents, leather processing, baking, brewing, cheese mannfactnre, fruit juice processing, dairy production, animal feed, wine making and textiles. A wide variety of different enzymes finds use in textile areas as shown in Table 17.1. This chapter will focns on cellulases, which are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of the cellnlose polymer. Except for the peroxidases, which are used to improve colour fastness and are described in Chapter 13, all the other types of enzymes are nsed for preparation processes and therefore not inclnded in this discussion. 

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