Liquid detergents

Liquid Na/K polyphosphate concentrates are incorporated in liquid detergent formulations to act as builders in highly alkaline formulations where good sequestering and dispersing properties are required. 

Alkali metal phosphates find use in numerous specialised formulations, for example, in car radiator cleaners [19], paint strippers [20], carpet cleaners, bleaching and sanitary preparations [21], shaving creams and cosmetic cleaners, as well as industrial formulations for bottle washing, textile cleaning and metal cleaning. 

Heavy-Duty Washing Powder % Washing Machine Detergent % 

Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate 18 Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate 10 

Heavy-Duty Liquid Detergent Silica flour 93 

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Fig. 6. Washing performance on different soilings of a U.S. liquid detergent (B) and a U.S. powder detergent (H in a Terg-o-tometer operating at 20°C for 10 min one enzyme dosage. EMPA 117 (nulk, blood, and ink on polyester/cotton) EMPA 116 (milk, blood, and ink on 100% cotton) grass on (100% cotton) AS 10 (milk, oil, and pigments on 100% cotton) blood soilings (on 100% cotton).

Fig. 8. Protease washing performance in a U.S. liquid detergent. Grass soiling in a 10 min wash at 30°C with one enzyme dosage, (a) pH profile of commercial proteases A and B. (b) Effect of increasing ionic strength, adjusted with Na2S04, of commercial protease B at (—°—) pH 8 and (- pH 11.

Upases. The idea of using Upases in the wash process dates back to 1913 when O. Rn hm suggested a dding pancreatin [8049-47-6] to detergent formulations. Many patents have demonstrated that Upases can improve the removal of fatty stains when used in powder and liquid detergents, special presoakers, or other cleaning agents. Intense research activity is also reflected in the literature (43—45). 

Lipases have proven to be effective in prespotters and other liquid detergent formulations when used in undiluted form for pretreatment of tough fatty stains. The low water content on the fabric in this situation is believed to be responsible for the high catalytic activity (50). 

First P nmr chemical shifts measured by W. C. Dickinson (for POCh. PCl., etc. relative to aq. H. POa) Detergents (using polyphosphates) overtake soap as main washing agent in the USA. (Heavy duty liquid detergents with polyphosphates introduced in 1953.)... 

Carbon chain homolog distribution is nearly always the most important factor in determining performance and formulation characteristics of LAS [19]. Phenyl isomer distribution and dialkyltetralinsulfonate content have their greatest impact on the formulation characteristics of LAS in liquid detergents. 

In formulating liquid detergent products with LAS, the carbon chain distribution, phenyl isomer distribution, and DATS level can all contribute to the solubility and viscosity characteristics. Hydrotrope requirements for isotropic liquid detergents can vary widely for different types of commercial LAS. 

Improved formulation characteristics in liquid detergent products... 

Due to the solubility mentioned, the market segment that prefers to use secondary alkanesulfonates is liquid detergents and concentrates. 

The applications of alcohol sulfates in consumer products depend on the alkyl chain and in some cases on the cation. Alcohol sulfates with alkyl chains 8 C1() are seldom used in consumer products except occasionally as hydrotropes in liquid detergent formulations. However, alcohol sulfates in the range C10-C18 are used in many commonly used formulations although other surfactants are generally added to enhance their properties. In some of these applications, particularly in shampoos, they compete with alcohol ether sulfates of the same alkyl chain distribution. The pattern of use of alcohol sulfates or alcohol ether sulfates in formulations varies with consumer personal care and laundry washing preferences in different cultural areas of the world. 

Reference 81 describes the use of a salt prepared from a trialkylamine or tris(hydroxyalkyl)amine and sulfonated C8-C20 a-olefins together with a sulfobetaine in a stable liquid detergent having a high content of dissolved electrolytes. These liquid detergents are useful for hair, hands, and clothing. 

Powder and liquid detergents can be used in washing machines. The a-sulfo fatty acid esters are used in both product types, but their solubility in water has... 

A liquid detergent for dishes, vegetables, and fruit comprises the sodium salt of a-sulfo coconut acid ethyl ester (20%), an alkylamine oxide (5%), citric acid (0.5%), ethanol (50%), and water [78]. 

Also in the 1940s sulfonates without aromatic substituents were prepared [3]. Secondary alkane- or paraffmsulfonates are widely used in liquid detergents. Olefmsulfonates [4] play only a small role in Europe but found their place in the United States for household and cleaning. 

Stable liquid detergents are obtained by polyacetalcarboxylate builders, ionic or nonionic surfactants, and common ingredients of detergents. If esters of phosphoric acid are used as anionic surfactants a detergent of this kind with 62% of water retained a single phase after a 30-day storage [213]. 

TKPP (K4P2O7) is a merchant chemical produced by many major companies throughout the world. It is available commercially as a free flowing, white, grsr.ular solid or as a 60% wt. solution. In addition to its widespread use in the liquid detergent formulations, TKPP is also utilized in the food industry. It has been certified by the U. S. Department of Transportation as nontoxic. The solubility of TKPP in water at 60° F is shown in Table I. It is possible to achieve increased density at temperatures above 60° F because of increased solubility. 

The disulphonated DAST derivative 11.25 containing four anilino groups per molecule is effective in liquid detergent formulations and much cheaper to manufacture than the monosulphonated DAST brightener 11.67, which was withdrawn from the market in the late 1980s. It has been necessary to purify compound 11.25 specially for use in detergents, in order to eliminate traces of residual unreacted aniline as far as possible, owing to the toxic properties of this impurity. 

One pet owner recently prescribed the following home remedy to eliminate skunk odor Add 1/4 cup of baking soda and 1 teaspoon of liquid detergent to 1 quart of hydrogen peroxide. Soak a rag with the solution and saturate the affected areas, rubbing it in. 111 What valuable chemistry is working to deodorize your dog ... 

Tablets are the most compact form of non-liquid detergents. Their density ranges from 1.0 to 1.3kg/L, providing further benefits such as lower packaging...

Fatty alcohol sulfates (or ASs) are applied in powder and liquid detergents. In these formulations they are used in addition to, or as substitutes for, LAS. Furthermore, they are also used in cosmetics and body-care preparations [15]. 

Design of liquid enzyme products with built-in liquid detergent stabilization system... 

Enzymes are biological catalysts in the form of globular proteins, and in liquid detergent compositions enzymes have inherent stability problems since the proteases not only digest the protein stains, but also the other enzymes. If this destructive mechanism is not controlled, the enzymes in the liquid detergent composition will have unacceptably short storage stability. 

Unlike many other enzymes, the subtilisins are fairly stable towards e.g. organic solvents, anionic surfactants, high temperatures and high pH. This makes the subtilisins very suitable as detergent proteases. But despite this fact, stabilization of these protease enzymes in liquid detergents remains a major issue. 

In liquid detergents, the boric acid is generally added as Borax, Na2B4O7-10 H20. Borax is dissolved in the liquid detergents and a pH-dependent equilibrium between boric acid and the borate ion is thereby obtained. 

The concentration of boric acid in the liquid detergent needed to obtain stabilization is typically around l-3%(w/w). Solubility limits prevents the use of concentrations of boric acid above a few per cent. The relatively high amount of used boric acid makes the detergent formulation more difficult to develop due to solubility problems and components being incompatible with high amounts of boric acid. 

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