Dishwashing Formulation

Spray a mixture of the Macol 40 and water onto the Tetrasodium Pyrophosphate (alone or mixed with the other anhydrous inorganic salts) while continually mixing, whereby hydration and simultaneous absorption of the surfactant occur. 

Add the hydrated Sodium Metasilicate to the hydrated phosphates, still mixing. 

Maximum chlorine stability is obtained when the Macol 40, diluted with water, is completely absorbed by the phosphate mixture. Step 1 avoids temperature control problems and eliminates the need for an aging period. 

In step 2, hydrated Metasilicate does not promote agglomeration. It is essential that the Metasilicate be added after the phosphate mixture has hydrated and absorbed the surfactant, to avoid discoloration and degradation. 

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Trisodium phosphate is strongly alkaline many of its appHcations depend on this property. For example, many heavy-duty cleaning compositions contain trisodium phosphate as a primary alkalinity source. The crystalline dodecahydrate itself is marketed as a cleaning compound and paint remover. Traditionally, trisodium phosphate has been used in water softening to remove polyvalent metal ions by precipitation as insoluble phosphates. Because the hypochlorite complex of trisodium phosphate provides solutions that are strongly alkaline and contain active chlorine, it is used in disinfectant cleaners, scouring powders, and automatic dishwashing formulations. 

The effect of carbon chain length and high vs. low 2-phenyl isomer distribution on viscosity and solubility (cloud/clear point) of a liquid hand dishwashing formulation is shown in Table 5. Two sets of pure LAS homolog samples ranging from Cl0 to Cl3 were prepared. All samples were prepared with pure olefins, but one set was produced with an HF alkylation catalyst (low 2-phenyl) and the other set was alkylated with A1C13 (high 2-phenyl). Each LAB... 

In 1991 the use of amidether carboxylate in combination with anionics like alkanesulfonate, alkylbenzolsulfonate, and alkyl ether sulfate to improve mildness and foam properties in the presence of soil was described [72]. Later a comparison study of the use of alkyl ether carboxylate, amidether carboxylate, and cocamidopropylbetaine in concentrated dishwashing formulations showed, in addition to the above-mentioned properties, the advantage of ether carboxylates in the construction of highly active formulations [144]. 

C in a Terg-o-Tometer. They tested commercial AOS, SAS, AS, and LAS detergents in two formulations one contains surfactant (25%) and sodium sulfate (75%) and is called a light-duty dishwash formulation. The other one contains surfactant (25%), sodium tripolyphosphate (35%), sodium silicate (8%), carboxymethylcellulose (1%), and sodium sulfate (31%), and is called a heavy-duty dishwash liquid. The results in Table 26 show that the AOS-containing formulations have superior performance, followed by SAS, AS, and LAS. 

Use Range from light-duty hand dishwashing formulations to heavy-duty industrial detergents, rinse aids, metal cleaners, etc. 

Alipal . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Ethoxylated alcohol sulfate salt detergent emulsifier, stabilizer, lime-soap dispersant wetting agent foamer dishwashing formulations, scrub soaps, car washes, rug and hair shampoos, emulsion polymerization, concrete, petrol, waxes, textile wet processing, cosmetics, pesticides. 

DobanoL [Shell UK] Mmaryalcobcdsor primary alcohol oxylates nonkmic detogent, wetting agent, emulsifier, intermediate for cosmetic, specialty, laundry, and dishwashing formulations. 

Mackam. [Mcln ] Amphoteric surfactants foaming agent conditioner, vise, buildo for shampoos, cleansers, industrial and dishwash formulations. 

Industrial Dishwash Formulations Good Quality Pot and Pan Cleaner(a)... 

Today alkyl poly glycosides are a typical ingredient in many cosmetics and in lightweight dishwashing formulations. Cognis (formerly Henkel) is the largest European producer with 25,000 tons capacity installed followed by Lamberti, SEPPIC and Akzo Nobel. 

Uses Surfactant for cosmetics, industrial applies., automatic dishwashing formulations Trade Name Synonyms Hetoxol TDEP-63 [GI obal -Seven http //www.global-seven. com] PPG-15 trideceth-10... 

Uses Surfactant for cosmetics, industrial applies., automatic dishwashing formulations... 

Such properties thus enable their use in detergents, cleaners, dishwashing formulations, and also in bodycleansing products. They are particularly useful in dry cleaner, formulations, e.g. for carpet cleaners. The world-wide consumption of o -olefinesulfonates in the last decade was of the order of 85 000 t, that is 1.5% of the total consumption of surfactants. 

The principal application of amine oxides is boosting the foam formation of alcohol-ether-sulfate-based hand dishwashing formulations. They are also used in applications that require solubility in a high-ionic-strength environment, or when strong oxidants are present. 

Alkanolamides are similar to amine oxides in that their principal application is as foam stabilizers (boosters) in hand dishwashing formulations. Alkanolamides, however, are generally preferred in linear alkylben-zene sulfonate/alcohol-ether-sulfate-based formulations, while amine oxides seem to be the preferred foam stabilizer for alcohol sulfate/alcohol-ether-sulfate-based formulations. 

Mono ethanol amides, in particular lauryl myristyl mono ethanol amide (LMMEA), have found use in dishwashing formulations as foam boosters (structure shown in Figure 3.2). Alone, they have very poor water solubility at room temperature, but when used in small amounts in combination with anionic surfactants, they contribute to the stabilization of foam that would otherwise collapse in the presence of grease or oils. Mono ethanol amides are also excellent viscosity builders. 

Amphoteric surfactants are surfactants that, depending on the pH, can have either anionic or cationic properties. They also have an isoelectric point at which they possess zwitterionic character. These surfactants are typically compatible with anionic, nonionic, or cationic surfactants. The structure and properties of two amphoteric surfactants used in hand dishwashing formulations are shown in Figure 3.3. 

FIGURE 3.3 Structures of two amphoteric surfactants for hand dishwashing formulations. 

There are several approaches utilized to develop skin-friendly dishwashing formulations. The first approach is to select mild surfactants. Some examples of mild surfactants are the ethoxylated alcohols, alkyl polyglucosides, and although not commonly used in dishwashing detergents, sulfo-succinate esters and isethionates. 

Since the introduction of the first dishwashers, formulators and detergent prodncers have been designing formulations and products aimed at addressing the issues described above. The next section of this review will summarize the chemistries and technologies that have been developed to resolve these issues and meet consumer expectations. 

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