Abdominal

Digestion of lactose is facilitated by the p glycosidase lactase A deficiency of this enzyme makes it difficult to digest lactose and causes abdominal discomfort Lactose intolerance is a genetic trait it is treatable through over the counter formulations of lac tase and by limiting the amount of milk m the diet... 

Iodine can affect the body if inhaled, if it comes in contact with the eyes or skin, or if it is swallowed. It may enter the body through the skin. Iodine vapor is a severe irritant of the eyes, respiratory tract, and to a lesser extent, to the skin. Swallowing iodine may cause burning in the mouth, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Short contact of iodine with the skin may produce a severe irritation of the skin and coloration similar to that obtained when tincture of iodine is appHed to a wound. Prolonged contact can be harmful and may cause bums. 

Workers in the metals treatment industry are exposed to fumes, dusts, and mists containing metals and metal compounds, as well as to various chemicals from sources such as grinding wheels and lubricants. Exposure can be by inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Historically, metal toxicology was concerned with overt effects such as abdominal coHc from lead toxicity. Because of the occupational health and safety standards of the 1990s such effects are rare. Subtie, chronic, or long-term effects of metals treatment exposure are under study. An index to safety precautions for various metal treatment processes is available (6). As additional information is gained, standards are adjusted. 

The actual time required for poly-L-lactide implants to be completely absorbed is relatively long, and depends on polymer purity, processing conditions, implant site, and physical dimensions of the implant. For instance, 50—90 mg samples of radiolabeled poly-DL-lactide implanted in the abdominal walls of rats had an absorption time of 1.5 years with metaboHsm resulting primarily from respiratory excretion (24). In contrast, pure poly-L-lactide bone plates attached to sheep femora showed mechanical deterioration, but Httie evidence of significant mass loss even after four years (25). 

The usual symptoms in human thaHotoxicosis resulting from acute, subacute, or chronic intoxication are generaHy the same. Common symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal coHc, pain in legs, nervousness and irtitabHity, chest pain, gingivitis or stomatitis, and anorexia. Alopecia (hair loss) does not always occur, especiaHy in cases of mass intake of thallium and low resistance where the patient may die before the occurrence of hair loss. 

Dwarf tapeworm (Fpiimenolepis nand) is the only human tapeworm that does not uti1i2e an intermediate host. Infection is transmitted directly from person to person, fi nana is only 2—4 cm long, it is of universal distribution in mice and humans in temperate 2ones, where children, especially those in institutions, are most frequently infected. Although an infected person is often symptomless, this tapeworm can cause abdominal discomfort and diarrhea if infection is heavy. 

Whipworm (Trichuris trichiurd) adult females are 5 cm long. These worms thread their entire body into the epithelium of the colon, where they feed on tissue juice and small amounts of blood. Infections of several hundred worms may cause irritation and inflammation of the mucosa, with abdominal pain, diarrhea, and gas. Eggs are discharged and passed into the feces. Infections result from the swallowing of eggs that are obtained directly from contaminated soil. Untreated adult worms Hve for years. 

Since about 85% of the administered dose is passed unchanged in the feces of the patient, selective toxicity of the dmg can be attributed primarily to poor absorption. Side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headaches, and vertigo or drowsiness. Skin rashes can also develop. Pyrantel pamoate is produced by Pfi2er, Inc., New York, New York. 

Balantidiasis in humans is manifest by chronic episodes of intermittent diarrhea and constipation, symptoms similar to those of amebiasis. The patient may also have abdominal pain, tenderness over the colon, anorexia, nausea, severe weight loss, and weakness. The disease may be fatal and, before the avakabihty of a treatment, was the cause of death in approximately 30% of infected individuals. 

Cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by protozoa of C ptosporidium species is a taxonomicaHy related disease (12). The disease affects animals, such as calves, lambs, and chickens, and infects humans woddwide, especially infants and children in developing countries. Symptoms range from mild self-limiting diarrhea and abdominal pain to a potentially fatal extreme diarrhea that results in weight loss and poor nutritional absorption. 

The side effects or toxic effects that the calcium antagonists have in common are hypotension, facial flushing, headache, di22iness, weakness, sedation, skin rash, edema, constipation, and abdominal discomfort (nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pressure). 

In the first clinical studies with lovastatin, pte-dmg semm cholesterol values of 150—300 mg/dL were shown to be decreased as much as 25% with a dosage of 15 mg twice daily for just over a week (149). Whereas the dmg shows few adverse side effects, gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhea and abdominal pain, ate the most common. 

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