Abdominal fat

Uniformly labeled C-8-D with a specific activity of 2.99 juc/mg was administered orally to pregnant females at 2 /xg/kg/day from 6-15 days of gestation. Three females were sacrificed on alternate days during days 6-20 of pregnancy. Triplicate samples of fetus, placenta, blood, brain, abdominal fat, and sartorius muscle were procured from each female. The samples were dissolved in 1 ml of Soluene (Packard Instruments) to which 15 ml of Aquasol were added. Each sample vial was counted for 30 min in a Nuclear Chicago Mark I liquid scintillation counter. 

Chemical analysis of the above tissues, plus abdominal fat and blood, by the method of Averell and Norris (2) was essentially negative. Occasional positive values were observed in the control rats, as well as those on the parathion diets. 

Following oral administration of a lethal dose to a dog (25 mg. per kg. wettable powder) tissues taken immediately after death analyzed as follows no parathion recovered from bladder bile, liver, kidney, abdominal fat, saliva, or intestine small quantities (2 to 7 p.p.m.) of parathion recovered from oxalated blood, spleen, lung, brain, and spinal cord. The urinary bladder was strongly contracted and no urine could be collected. The results of these two experiments indicate a universal distribution of parathion following acutely lethal doses. 

Male and female rats fed on 10, 50, and 100 p.p.m. food for several months showed no storage of parathion in the abdominal fat, nor was any recovered from the lung, liver, spleen, brain, whole blood, or kidney. 

Samples of abdominal fat from a steer that had been fed hay containing toxaphene residues and from a steer that had been fed untreated hay were analyzed for their organic-chlorine content by the method recommended by Carter (i). The organic-chlorine content of the fat from the treated steer in excess of the amount found in the untreated steer was equivalent to approximately 700 p.p.m. of toxaphene. 

Samples of abdominal fat from a steer that had been fed on alfalfa hay containing toxaphene residues and from two steers that had been heavily sprayed, one with DDT and... 

Kalavathy R., Abdullah N., Jalaludin S. and Ho Y.W. (2003). Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens . Br Poult Sci, 44, 139-144. 

Measurements of skinfold thickness estimate subcutaneous fat, midarm muscle circumference estimates skeletal muscle mass, and waist circumference estimates abdominal fat content. 

This relationship is age independent and the same for both sexes, but may not correspond to the same degree of fatness across different populations, partly due to differences in body proportions. Many would therefore advocate the use of waist circumference and waist hip ratio measurements in conjunction with BMI, as these measurements are more closely related to abdominal fat accumulation, which is implicated in the development of type-2 diabetes and heart disease. 

Give by intermittent IV injection, continuous IV infusion or deep subcutaneous (ie, above the iliac crest of abdominal fat layer) injection. Continuous IV infusion is generally preferable due to the higher incidence of bleeding complications with other routes. Avoid IM injection because of the danger of hematoma formation. 

B. Faraut, B. Giannesini, V. Matarazzo, Y. Le Fur, G. Rougon, P. J. Cozzone and D. Behdahan, Capsiate administration results in an uncoupling protein-3 downregula-tion, an enhanced muscle oxidative capacity and a decreased abdominal fat content in vivo. Int. J. Obes. (Lond), 2009, 339,1348-1355. 

The CRF-overexpressing mice are a genetically engineered strain with more than the normal number of copies of the CRF-encoding gene inserted in their genome. Compared with their wild-type counterpart, these animals show increased anxiety they also have some of the abnormalities seen in hypercortisolemic patients, such as adrenal hypertrophy, marked thymus involution and increased abdominal fat (Beckmann et al.. 2001). They have increased blood levels of cortisol and represent an animal model of hypercortisolemia IStenzel-Poore et al.. 1992. 1994 Holmes, 2001). 

When day-old broilers were fed a ration containing 66, 90, or 120 ppm salinomycin sodium for 6 weeks, concentrations of salinomycin at 0 withdrawal time in breast skin/fat, tliigh skin/fat, and abdominal fat increased as the level of the drug in the ration also increased after 6 h of withdrawal, salinomycin concentrations in tissues were decreased, whereas after 24 h of withdrawal, salinomycin could not be detected in any tissue. It appears that salinomycin residues are concentrated in tire more fatty tissues, such as subcutaneous fat, and follow the order liver kidney thigh breast muscles (40). 

Lovejoy JC, Bray GA, Greeson CS, Klemperer M, Morris J, Partington C, Tulley R. Oral anabolic steroid treatment, but not parenteral androgen treatment, decreases abdominal fat in obese, older men. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995 19(9) 614-24. 

In 36 Japanese patients who were relatively lean but had excess abdominal fat, glibenclamide and voglibose caused loss of weight and abdominal fat (37). The loss of abdominal fat was related to glycemic control. The ratio of subcutaneous to abdominal fat shifted toward subcutaneous fat only in those who took voglibose. Both voglibose and glibenclamide improved insulin sensitivity and the acute response to insulin. 

The authors postulated that there had been an increase in orbital fat in parallel to the increase in abdominal fat. Rosiglitazone can reactivate thyroid inflammatory orbito-pathy and treatment of orbital fibroblasts in culture with PPARy agonists can stimulate thyrotropin hormone receptor expression and subsequently promote adipogen-esis (69). 

In 30 patients with lipodystrophy associated with HAART rosiglitazone 8 mg/day for 24 weeks had no effect on body weight, subcutaneous or intra-abdominal fat, total body fat, anthropometry, or serum leptin concentrations (84). However, it reduced percentage liver fat and serum insulin concentrations and normalized liver function tests. During the first 12 weeks serum triglycerides rose from 3.5 to 6.5 mmol/1 and serum cholesterol from 6.0 to 7.8 mmol/1. The results on insulin resistance and lipid profiles were opposite to those found in a comparable study with pioglitazone (83). 

Buffalo neck was described in a middle-aged man taking indinavir who developed a lipomatous formation in the retrocervical area abdominal fat also increased in volume, while the subcutaneous fat on the lower limbs decreased (995). 

Miller KD, Jones E, Yanovski JA, Shankar R, Feuerstein I, Falloon J. Visceral abdominal-fat accumulation associated with use of indinavir. Lancet 1998 351(9106) 871-5. 

Suet (mutton tallow) sheep Ovis aries (Bovidae) abdominal fat stearic (32), oleic (31), palmitic (27), myristic (6) foods... 

Arslan, C. (2004) Effects of diets supplemented with grass meal and sugar beet pulp meal on abdominal fat fatty acid profile and ceacal volatile fatty acid composition in geese. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire 155,619-623. 

---