Abdominal discomfort

Digestion of lactose is facilitated by the p glycosidase lactase A deficiency of this enzyme makes it difficult to digest lactose and causes abdominal discomfort Lactose intolerance is a genetic trait it is treatable through over the counter formulations of lac tase and by limiting the amount of milk m the diet... 

Dwarf tapeworm (Fpiimenolepis nand) is the only human tapeworm that does not uti1i2e an intermediate host. Infection is transmitted directly from person to person, fi nana is only 2—4 cm long, it is of universal distribution in mice and humans in temperate 2ones, where children, especially those in institutions, are most frequently infected. Although an infected person is often symptomless, this tapeworm can cause abdominal discomfort and diarrhea if infection is heavy. 

The side effects or toxic effects that the calcium antagonists have in common are hypotension, facial flushing, headache, di22iness, weakness, sedation, skin rash, edema, constipation, and abdominal discomfort (nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pressure). 

Irritable bowel syndrome (DBS) is an exceedingly common condition in all societies, characterized by abdominal discomfort or pain in association with altered bowel habit or incomplete stool evacuation, bloating and constipation or diarrhoea, easily go undetected and do not show up with common tests such as blood tests or x-rays. The estimated prevalence in the community is about 10%. Irritable bowel syndrome and its variants, collectively called functional gastrointestinal disorders, constitute 40-50% of all the patients seen by gastroenterologists in Western countries. 

The indications for these agents are in principle identical to those of the non-selective NSAIDs although the substances have not yet received approval for the whole spectrum of indications of the conventional NSAIDs. Because they lack COX-1-inhibiting properties, COX-2-selective inhibitors show fewer side effects than conventional NSAIDs. However, they are not free of side effects because COX-2 has physiological functions that are blocked by the COX-2 inhibitors. The most frequently observed side effects are infections of the upper respiratory tract, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, abdominal discomfort and headache. Peripheral oedema is as frequent as with conventional NSAIDs. The frequency of gastrointestinal complications is approximately half that observed with conventional NSAIDs. 

Oral administration of mesalamine may cause abdominal pain, nausea, headache dizziness, fever, and weakness. The adverse reactions associated witii rectal administration are less than those seen witii oral administration, but headache abdominal discomfort, flu-like syndrome, and weakness may still occur. Olsalazine administration may result in diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and nausea Sulfasalazine is a sulfonamide witii adverse reactions the same as for the sulfonamide drugs (see Chap. 6). 

The adverse reactions associated with the menotropins include ovarian enlargement, hemoperitoneum (blood in the peritoneal cavity), abdominal discomfort, and febrile reactions. Urofollitropin administration may result in mild to moderate ovarian enlargement, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, and irritation at the injection site Multiple births and birth defects have been reported with the use of both menotropins and urofollitropin. 

Administration of clomiphene may result in vasomotor flushes (which are like the hot flashes of menopause), abdominal discomfort, ovarian enlargement, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and nervousness. HCG administration may result in headache, irritability, restlessness, fatigue edema, and precocious puberty (when given for cryptorchism). 

Headache, edema, irritability, fatigue, nervousness, restlessness, precocious puberty, gynecomastia Vasomotor flushes, breast tenderness, abdominal discomfort, blurred vision, ovarian enlargement, nausea, vomiting, nervousness Same as glucocorticoids (Display 50-2)... 

Ovarian enlargement, nausea, vomiting, breast tenderness, ectopic pregnancy, abdominal discomfort... 

Tegaserod maleate (Zelnorm) is a partial serotonin (5-HT4) receptor agonist that causes an increase in peristaltic activity and intestinal secretion and moderation of visceral sensitivity. It increases the frequency of bowel movements and reduces abdominal discomfort, bloating, and straining. It is indicated for the treatment of patients younger than 65 years of age who experience chronic idiopathic constipation. The most common adverse effects include headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea. 

Starting sulfasalazine at low doses and titrating slowly will minimize the nausea and abdominal discomfort caused by the drug. Patients receiving sulfasalazine must undergo routine blood work to monitor for leukopenia.1 Patients with a sulfa allergy should not receive sulfasalazine. 

GW is a 61 -year-old man who presents to your clinic with a chief complaint of abdominal discomfort and cramping for the past 3 weeks not relieved with over-the-counter medications. While obtaining your medical history, he states that he also has seen small amounts of blood in his stool on and off for 4 months. He has a past medical history positive for hypertension and obesity. He states that he has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the past 40 years and drinks 4 to 6 beers every couple of days. 

Use of diethylpropion for a period longer than 3 months is associated with an increased risk for development of pulmonary hypertension. When used as directed, reported common central nervous system adverse effects included overstimulation, restlessness, dizziness, insomnia, euphoria, dysphoria, tremor, headache, jitteriness, anxiety, nervousness, depression, drowsiness, malaise, mydriasis, and blurred vision. In addition, diethylpropion can decrease seizure threshold, subsequently increasing a patient s risk for an epileptic event. Other organ systems also can adversely be affected, resulting in tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, palpitations, dry mouth, abdominal discomfort, constipation,... 

Symptoms included nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, giddiness, lassitude, headache, cough, and shortness of breath, and persisted for at least 2 h and sometimes 2 days. Serum nickel concentrations on day 1 after exposure were 286 (13-1340) pg/L vs. 50 pg/L in nonaffected workers for urine these concentrations were 5.8 (0.2-37.0) mg/L vs. 4.0 pg/L... 

The usual oral colchicine dose is 1 mg initially, followed by 0.5 mg every 1 hour until the joint symptoms subside, the patient develops abdominal discomfort or diarrhea, or a total dose of 8 mg has been given. 

Metyrapone inhibits 11-hydroxylase activity, resulting in inhibition of cortisol synthesis. Initially, patients can demonstrate an increase in plasma ACTH concentrations because of a sudden drop in cortisol. This can cause an increase in androgenic and mineralocorticoid hormones resulting in hypertension, acne, and hirsutism. Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, headache, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, and allergic rash have been reported after oral administration. 

The most common side effects are flatulence, bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea, which can be minimized by slow dosage titration. If... 

The initial presentation ranges from moderate abdominal discomfort to excruciating pain, shock, and respiratory distress. Abdominal pain occurs in 95% of patients and is usually epigastric, often radiating to the upper... 

Symptoms of exposure Epileptiform, convulsions, stupor, headache, dizziness, abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, aggressive confusion, lethargy, weakness, anorexia (NIOSH, 1997). 

UL. A deficiency of pantothenic acid results in malaise, abdominal discomfort, and a burning sensation in the feet. Such deficiency is rare, however. 

The selectivity of the SSRIs does not mean that they are totally without side effects. First, serotonin-secreting nerve cells are distributed throughout the brain and control a wide array of nervous system activities. As a result, increasing serotonin not only relieves depression, it can also produce many side effects such as abdominal discomfort, sexual dysfunction, and anxiety. Second, the selectivity of the SSRIs is not absolute but relative. Although the main action of the SSRIs is the same, they do have differences. For patients, this means that the drug interactions and side effects of the SSRIs vary somewhat. It also means that a patient who does not respond to one SSRI may respond to another. 

The most common side effects of bupropion are decreased appetite and abdominal discomfort. But more serious is the risk of seizure when high doses are taken. For this reason, patients with epilepsy should not take bupropion. 

Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR). Venlafaxine works by blocking the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Because of this dual action, some believe that venlafaxine may be more effective than the SSRIs when treating severe depression. Its side effects and toxicity are similar to the SSRIs with abdominal discomfort, sexual dysfunction, and anxiety being commonly reported. At higher doses, it may mildly elevate blood pressure therefore, blood pressure should be checked periodically. When stopping venlafaxine, serotonin discontinuation symptoms may be especially problematic. Therefore, gradually tapering of the dose every 2-4 weeks is recommended. 

In addition, whenever an antidepressant that blocks serotonin reuptake is discontinued, an unpleasant but harmless discontinuation syndrome manifested by abdominal discomfort, instability, anxiety, and occasionally painful shock-like sensations in the extremities can arise. The risk appears to be greatest with venlafaxine and paroxetine. Consequently, switching from one of these medications to another that does not block serotonin reuptake requires a gradual taper of the first medication over days to weeks. 

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