Abdominal muscles

Diaphragm Large abdominal muscle that varies pleural pressure resulting... 

To obtain the maximum benefits from the air, we need to breathe from the diaphragm, a muscle situated below the rib cage in the abdominal muscles. Remember, you do not have to pull in the breath atmospheric pressure will take care of that. Simply push out your diaphragm. Your rib cage will expand and air will rush into your lungs. Please do not make the mistake of trying any forcible expansion of the chest. This can cause damage to fine blood vessels in the chest. Let the muscles below your ribs do most of the work. If you do this properly, you will feel an expansion at the small of your back and at your sides, as well as in the front of your body. Always try to ensure that you commence any cycle... 

It is well known that sometimes individuals are bom lacking certain abdominal muscles. This is regarded, of course, as abnormal. It is not so well appreciated, however, that in the normal populations there may be a high degree of variation. Anson,3 for example, shows how the pectoralis minor muscle varies in an unselected population In 42 per cent it overlaps the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs in 28.5 per cent it misses the 2nd rib in 15 per cent it misses the 5th rib and in 5 per cent it misses both the 2nd and 5th ribs. There is no one normal pattern. 

At both these times, thigh muscle contained a higher concentration of 2-PAM I than abdominal muscle, but a lower concentration of III. Dogs and rabbits appear, therefore, to tolerate repeated daily intravenous doses of 2-PAM I at 30 mg/kg or of III at 10 mg/kg during a period of 6-8 wk when the dally doses are suspended during each weekend. Because in this and the other studies reviewed the animals were killed at or soon after the end of the period of administration of an oxime, there has been no opportunity to judge whether repeated administration of an oxime may initiate some alteration in normal structure or function that will result eventually in a definite lesion. No truly chronic study of the toxicity of an oxime has been found. Thus, possible cryptic toxic effects of this type of compound have never been assessed. 

Muscle rigidity, commonly associated with opioids, seems to be primarily associated with central activation of the p receptor. Rigidity involving the thoracic and abdominal muscles can sometimes interfere with ventilation to such an extent that manual ventilation is... 

The mechanism of muscular twitching and convulsions under the influence of 1-phenylsilatrane was studied on isolated rectal abdominal muscles of frogs. The compound used at 10 s M concentration does not cause contraction of the muscle. 

No marked effect is observed after 10 SM 1-phenylsilatrane acting for 2 minutes upon the contraction of the rectal abdominal muscle which had been induced by 10 7M acetylcholine. Isolated gastrocnemius muscles of frogs bathed in 0.01%... 

Application of this compound immediately involves general excitability, slow respiration, convulsions and contraction of the abdominal muscles culminating in coma 7—10 minutes after treatment. 

The immediate cause of death seems to be the result of a paralytic action on the central nervous system, particularly on the respiratory centre. Typical toxic signs of poisoning by fluorine-containing silatranes are hyperexcitation, muscle twitching, spasm of abdominal muscles, tremor, salivation. 

When it becomes convenient for the person to defecate, the defecation reflexes can sometimes be excited by taking a deep breath to move the diaphragm downward and then contracting the abdominal muscles to increase the pressure in the abdomen, thus forcing fecal contents into the rectum to elicit new reflexes. Unfortunately, reflexes initiated in this way are never as effective as those that arise naturally, for which reason people who too often inhibit their natural reflexes become severely constipated. 

Furthermore, it was shown that there are three different isoforms of tropomyosin relating to different functional needs (fast, slow-twitch, and slow-tonic), identified by amino acid sequence analysis (Motoyama et al. 2007). The fast isoform is mostly found in the abdominal muscle (tail), while the slow isoform is mainly associated with muscle obtained from the legs however, both forms can be found in abdominal and leg muscle, with an amino acid homology of up to 100%. 

A study of the abdominal muscle tissue of crayfish collected from five commercial farms in Southwest Louisiana found average Pb concentrations ranging from 0.25 + 0.16 to 0.40 + 0.14 pg g-1 (dry weight) [10]. These authors found that Pb tended to accumulate in the abdominal tissue of the crayfish. 

Two commercially important species of Louisiana crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and P. acutus, from the Atchafalaya River Basin, from open ponds, and from the sediment and water of these environments, were sampled three times during two consecutive fishing (production) seasons [19]. The abdominal muscle and hepatopancreatic tissue were analyzed separately. Lead, Hg, and Cd, if present, were in concentrations below the limit of detection (LoD). The heptato-pancreatic tissue contained (in p,gkg 1) Ba<8, Cu 11-15, and Fe < 640. Abdominal muscle samples had <3 p,gkg 1 of most metals. Locations with the highest levels of metal residues in sediment were not necessarily locations where crayfish had the highest levels in their tissues. 

There are at least two relatively common variants of TD tardive dystonia and tardive akathisia. According to Burke et al. (1982), tardive dystonia involves sustained involuntary twisting movements, generally slow, which may affect the limbs, trunk, neck, or face (p. 1335). The face and neck are by far the most frequently affected areas of the body. Severe deformities of the neck (torticollis) can cause extreme pain and disability. I have seen several cases affecting the orbital muscles of the eyes (blepharospasm) to the degree that the individual s vision was impaired, requiring botulinum (Botox) injections to paralyze the muscles. I have also seen respiratory and abdominal muscles affected in a painful and debilitating manner. 

Writhing Presence Coordinated contraction of abdominal muscles usually resulting in hollow flanks and stretching of hind-limbs... 

Similarly, Coriandrum sativum (coriander) has also been used as a traditional treatment of diabetes. The coriander incorporated into the diet and drinking water could reduce the hyperglycaemia of the streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Administration of the aqueous extract of coriander increased the 2-deoxyglucose transport (1.6-fold), glucose oxidation (1.4-fold) and incorporation of glucose into glycogen (1.7-fold) of the isolated murine abdominal muscle, more efficiently than insulin. In acute 20 min tests, the aqueous... 

Q4 The expiratory muscles are not used in normal expiration at rest since no muscular effort is required expiration is a passive process because of recoil of lung structures stretched in inspiration. When there is increased outflow resistance, patients use their thoracic and abdominal muscles to increase intrathoracic pressure and push air from the lung. The muscles used include the internal intercostal muscles of the chest wall and the oblique and transversus muscles of the abdomen. 

Q12 Irritation and damage to other structures in the abdomen may occur if the diverticulitis is not treated. Abdominal muscles may go into painful spasm and a minority of patients might have rectal bleeding. A major problem could be development of an intestinal obstruction or an abscess in the wall of the intestine. The abscess may eventually cause perforation of the intestinal wall leakage of infected material into the peritoneal cavity and then infection of the peritoneal membranes (peritonitis) may occur. Peritonitis is a very serious condition. 

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