Abdominal constriction test

Menthol is a cyclic alcohol present in the volatile oil of several species of mint such as Mentha piperita and Mentha aevensis. It is responsible for the typical minty smell and flavour. (-)-Menthol produced a dose-dependent increase in the pain threshold in the mouse hot-plate and abdominal constriction tests. The antinociceptive effects of (-)-menthol were antagonized by the unselective opioid antagonist naloxone and by the selective kappa-antagonist nor-NBI. Thus, menthol has analgesic properties mediated by selective activation of kappa-opioid receptors. 

Carboxymethylamino-4-oxo-3-(4 -aminophenylamino)butanoic acid (3), its ethyl ester (4) and corresponding unsubstituted-aryl analogues (6) and (5) (see Table 6. JO) are fairly potent inhibitors of enkephalinase (K 0.14-0.39 / M) with inibitory potency (K, 15-75 /.iM ) towards aminopeptidase Mil [82]. In the mouse abdominal constriction test, the esters (4) and (5) showed systemic antinociceptive activity with ED50 values of 62 and 81 mg/kg, respectively. In the mouse tail immersion test, both (4) and (5) exhibited antinociceptive activity when administered icv. The results from the mouse abdominal constriction test for compounds (4) and (5) indicated the same rank order of potency as their in vitro inhibitory potency for enkephalinase and aminopeptidase Mil. Another notable observation is that these compounds also exhibited the same rank order in their antinociceptive effects when administered icv alone in the mouse tail immersion test. This direct effect has not been reported for other more potent enkephalindegrading enzyme inhibitors. Compound (4) uniquely exhibited antinociceptive activity when administered subcutaneously in the mouse tail immersion test, an effect which is only partially reversible by naltrexone. This result is in contrast to that for compound (5), which displayed only one third and one quarter of the potency of enkephalinase and aminopeptidase... 

PBQ-induced abdominal constriction test The test animals get injected intraperitoneally a solution of p-benzoquinone and the number of abdominal contractions is recorded. 

The leaves of Aleurites moluccana contain 2"-C-rhamnosylswertisin and swertisin. The antinociceptive effect of both compounds was evaluated by the writhing test in mice. " The results indicated that the first derivative inhibits, dose dependently, the abdominal constrictions caused by acetic acid with an ID50 value of 6.9 to 10.2 pM/kg and maximal inhibition of 92%. When compared with aspirin ID5o= 133 pM/kg, the C-glycosylflavone was about 16-fold more potent. On the other hand, the swertisin alone did not show any effect. 

In mice, ABT-594 produces antinociceptive effects in both the hot-plate test and the abdominal constriction assay. In rats, similar results are obtained in the thermal paw withdrawal test and the formalin test. The efficacy of ABT-594 in these tests is similar to or better than that of morphine, and ABT-594 is at least 30 times more potent than morphine. In addition, ABT-594 is effective in the spinal nerve ligation (Chung) model of neuropathic pain. In all of these models, ABT-594 shows a rapid onset of action and activity after oral administration. 

In addition to its effects on cell growth, CLP elicits antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Peripheral antinociceptive activity was investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing model. CLP (0.1-100 mcM/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions dose dependently (1C50 = 0.0945). Central antinociceptive activity of CLP was demonstrated in the hot plate test. CLP (100 mcM/kg, p.o.) increased latency time 90, 120, and 150 min after treatment. Similarly, CLP caused an inhibition of nociception in formalin test. Anti-inflammatory activity of CLP was evaluated in capsaicin-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammation tests. Following oral administration at a dose of 100 mcM/kg, CLP inhibited capsaicin-induced ear edema by 55.8% and reduced leukocyte migration to the inflammatory sites by 48.3% [61]. 

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