Gastrointestinal disturbance

X-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract shows distention of the small bowel similar to that found in celiac disease. Segmental puddling of the small intestine and hypotony of the colon were described (Friedman et al. 1960). A marked exaggeration of the mucosal folds may exist in the upper jejunum (Mier et al. 1960). 

Examination of intestinal secretions yields normal values (Friedman et al. 1960 Lamy et al. 1961 Schwartz et al. 1963). In duodenal contents pancreatic enzyme activity and concentrations of bile acids were found to be normal (Wolff 1965). 

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Ghpi2ide is relatively free of serious adverse effects and only approximately 1.5% of patients discontinue this dmg because of adverse reactions. Gastrointestinal disturbances are most common (incidence 1.7—3.7%) skin rashes occur in up to 1.4% of patients. 

The incidence of serious side effects with glyburide, sold as DiaBeta and Micronase, is low. Gastrointestinal disturbances develop in 1.8% of patients. Skin rashes occur in 1.5% of patients and may disappear with continued use. 

Serious hepatotoxicity of tacrine has been documented. More recent data suggest, however, that this toxicity can be reduced by carehiUy monitoring semm alanine aminotransferase levels (125). The side effects of tacrine also include gastrointestinal disturbances and emesis, and alternative AChE therapies are being advanced. Velnacrine (20), a metaboUte of tacrine, was expected to have reduced hepatotoxicity. However, its limited efficacy and side-effect profile, which includes dmg-related hematological changes, caused it to be dropped from further development. 

Clinical studies with streptovaricins have been Umited. The most significant toxicity reported in the clinical studies has been gastrointestinal disturbances. However, indications are that the toxicity does not result from the individual streptovaricins but from some impurity in some fermentation lots (85). 

Health, Safety, and Environmental Factors. Sulfur dioxide has only a moderate acute toxicity (183). The lowest pubHshed human lethal concentration is 1000 ppm for 10 months. The lowest pubHshed human toxic concentration by inhalation is 3 ppm for 5 days or 12 ppm for 1 hour. The lowest pubHshed human lethal concentration is 3000 ppm for 5 months. In solution (as sulfurous acid), the lowest pubHshed toxic dose is 500 flg/kg causing gastrointestinal disturbances. Considerable data is available by other modes of exposure and to other species NIOSH standards are a time-weighted average of 2 ppm and a short-term exposure limit of 5 ppm (183). 

The best example of the class of phenanthrene-methanols is halofantrine (66, Halfan [36167-63-2]) a dmg that is effective against chloroquine-resistant malaria and is now being evaluated in Africa. It produces temporary gastrointestinal disturbances. 

In the first clinical studies with lovastatin, pte-dmg semm cholesterol values of 150—300 mg/dL were shown to be decreased as much as 25% with a dosage of 15 mg twice daily for just over a week (149). Whereas the dmg shows few adverse side effects, gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhea and abdominal pain, ate the most common. 

The most common adverse reactions seen with administration of the cephalosporins are gastrointestinal disturbances, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions may occur with administration of the cephalosporins and range from mild to life threatening. Mild hypersensitivity reactions include pruritus, urticaria, and skin rashes. More serious hypersensitivity reactions include S teveils-Johnson syndrome (fever, cough, muscular aches and... 

The use of quinine can cause cinchonism at full therapeutic doses. Cinchonism is a group of symptoms associated with quinine, including tinnitus, dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disturbances, and visual disturbances. These symptoms usually disappear when the dosage is reduced. Other adverse reactions include hematologic changes, vertigo, and skin rash. 

Warning sgns of a fluid and electrolyte imbalance include dry mouth, thirst, weakness lethargy, drowsiness restlessness muscle pains or cramps confuson, gastrointestinal disturbances hypotenson, oliguria, tachycardia, and seizures... 

Headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, crystalluria Gastrointestinal disturbances, allergic skin reactions, headache, anorexia, glossitis, hypersensitivity... 

Administration of methenamine and methenamine salts may result in gastrointestinal disturbances, such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, and cramps. Large doses may result in burning on urination and bladder irritation. 

Chamomile Matricaria chamomilla As a tea for gastrointestinal disturbances, as a sedative, and as an anti-inflammatory agent Fbssible contact dermatitis and, in rare instances, anaphylaxis Chamomile is a member of the ragweed family and those allergic to ragweed should not take the herb. 

Other gastrointestinal disturbances, including dyspepsia and nausea, are infrequent when low-dose aspirin is used. Aspirin therapy should be continued indefinitely. 

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