Wheels

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The Continued Development of Eddy-Current Imaging Scanner Systems Illustrated by Tests on Aircraft Wheels - From Manual Testing to Image-Processing. 

During take-off and landing, the wheels of modem aircraft are subject to great stress. New high-performance brake systems and aggressive environmental influences push the wheels closer and closer to their limit. These conditions as well as increased requirements for safety and quality control now necessitate that wheels are tested much more comprehensively than in the past. 

For a long time, the wheels were mainly tested with dye penetration. This test procedure can make defects which are open to the surface of the material visible for the tester. It is, however, common knowledge that the test results vary greatly depending on the subjective view of the individual tester. 

Thus, for years now wheels have been tested with eddy-currents with a special emphasis on finding superficial defects on the wheel s running surface. At the beginning, hand-guided probes were used which the tester slid across the surface that was to be tested. To do so, the wheel was placed on a turn table which the operator had to move manually. A higher test reliability in the transitional radius between the body and the bead wheel was achieved by using special form-fitted probes. Nonetheless, it was not possible to rule out completely that the wheel was not scanned 100 %. This test method did not allow for documentation and a subsequent reconstruction of the test. 

The introduction of automated scanning systems was a great leap forward in the development. That way, the uncertainties of manual probe guidance were eliminated. Usually, these systems were designed for high-frequency surface tests and followed the outer profile of the surface with a probe that could be moved in several axes. A continuous 100 % scan became possible and, as a result, the documentation of the tests with stripchart recorders suggested itself. Now for the first time, wheel testing became retraceable. 

Illustration Automatic Wheel-Scanning System Improvements of the Test Situation ... 

Since the geometry of the wheel is also displayed during this type of test, it is important to distinguish between defects and geometrical influences. The tester can easily and reliably make these distinctions, if the distortions of the wheel s geometry and the display of the defects caused by the display of the test system are not to great. 

Furthermore, it was possible to suppress liftoff and offset effects by using efficient digital filter algorithms. These measures provide the tester with a nearly unbiased picture of the wheel that is to be tested and he can thus conduct a reliable evaluation. 

In closing let me say that the overall development of wheel-testing systems made a lot of progress in recent years, mainly due to the latest enhancements. We have already come quite close to reaching our objective of an automatic test system. 

Inspection of wheels, automatic coupler equipment, assemblies of cars trucks, axles of wheel pairs, cardan shafts, tank cars, turbines parts and power facilities of locomotives. 

For produetion eontrol of small diameter nozzle welds a magnetic wheel scarmer has been build (Figure 4). One standard motor module drives the magnetic wheel and one standard motor module drives the Y-module slide. The two motors are connected to the Master Module. The scanner is controlled from a FORCE Institute PSP-3 ultrasonic acquisition unit with build-in scarmer controller. 

The Driving Module houses power supply, circuits for determination of travel distance (odometer wheels) and circumferential orientation, and a computer and a storage facility for all data recorded. The Driving Module has cups extending to the pipe wall, thus providing the movement of the tool after its launching into the continuous oil flow. 

One can also do work by stirring, e.g. by driving a paddle wheel as in the Joule experiment above. If tire paddle is taken as part of the system, the energy input (as work) is detemiined by appropriate measurements on the electric motor, falling weights or whatever drives the paddle. 

Very small synthetic diamonds have been made industrially by subjecting graphite to pressures in the range 5.5-b.9 GN m , at temperatures between 1500 and 2700 K. The diamonds produced are very small but competitive with natural diamonds for use in industrial cutting and grinding wheels. 

Typical examples of hierarchical database systems arc the file system of personal computers or the organization of parts (e.g., a construction plan). In the case of car parts, the objects (e.g. B = rear suspension, E = right wheel, J = rim, K = screw) are... 

Roulette wheel selection In this selection variant the probability for selecting a chromosome is proportional to its fitness. The idea can be illustrated when we imagine a roulette wheel, where a slot is allocated to each chromosome and the size of the slot is chosen with respect to the quality of the chromosome. When the wheel is spinning the chromosomes with a better quality are more likely to be chosen than those of a minor quality. Figure 9-28 illustrates this procedure,... 

Figure 9-28. Roulette wheel selection. The size of each sector is equivalent to the fitness of the corresponding chro iTiosoiTie.

The balance wheel of a ehronometer is eonstiueted so that its entire mass of 0.100 g may be eonsidered to be eoneentrated in a ring of radius 0.600 em. What is its moment of inertia ... 

The balance wheel in Problem 3 is driven by a eoiled spring ealled a hairspring. The wheel exeeutes simple hamionie angular motion between the two angular limits shown by the double anow in Problem 3. Its oseillation over the marked exeursion is eomplete every 0.500 s. What is the torsion eonstant k of the spring ... 

A constant force is applied to an ideal elastomer, assumed to be a perfect network. At an initial temperature Tj the length of the sample is Ij. The temperature is raised to Tf and the final length is If. Which is larger Ij or If (remember F is a constant and Tf > Tj) Suppose a wheel were constructed with spokes of this same elastomer. From the viewpoint of an observer, the spokes are heated near the 3 o clock position-say, by exposure to sunlight-while other spokes are shaded. Assuming the torque produced can overcome any friction at the axle, would the observer see the wheel turn clockwise or counterclockwise How would this experiment contrast, in magnitude and direction, with an experiment using metal spokes ... 

Grinding glass Grinding wheel Grinding wheels... 

Sandstone wheels Sand-surface ware Sandvik SX SANECTA SAN emulsions... 

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