Well-to-wheel analysis GHG emissions and costs

9 If hydrogen was used in an ICE, WTW C02 emissions might be twice as high, because of the low efficiency of the ICE compared with a fuel cell. 

For comparison, gasoline and diesel from non-conventional oil (here, oil sands) would result in 170 to 190 g/km (gasoline) and 150 to 170 g/km (diesel fuel) based on data from ACR (2004) and Soderbergh et al. (2006). 

Furthermore, the extraction of non-conventional oil has other detrimental environmental impacts, such as water pollution and loss of biodiversity. Depending on the depth of the deposits, oil sands are either strip mined in open pits or heated so that the bitumen from which the non-conventional oil is extracted can flow to the surface (in-situ extraction). Both forms of oil-sands extraction require considerable amounts of energy (i.e., natural gas) and water, and lead to significant detrimental environmental impacts (Woynillowicz et al., 2005 see also Chapter 3). 

With carbon-containing biomass-derived fuels, well-to-tank (WTT) GHG emissions are negative because the carbon bound in the fuel is removed from the 

Fuel cells typically use hydrogen directly, mostly as compressed gas, possibly also as liquid hydrogen stored on board. Even though the C02-equivalent emissions were assessed to be low, methanol from farmed wood as a fuel for fuel cells turned out to be no optimum solution. The reason is not revealed by the WTW graph. Industry has decided against methanol as a fuel-cell fuel for two reasons  

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