Two-wheeled vehicles

Recently, composite wheels have become popular. While composite wheels may eliminate the use of spokes, they are costly and do not necessarily reduce the weight of the wheel or the energy necessary to initiate revolution. As a result, composite wheels do not always provide an adequate alternative to wheel covers as they may not be readily applicable to all uses in which spoke wheels may be found. Traditional spoke wheels are still the predominant wheel system for most two-wheeled vehicles. 

For pollutants in the form of a gas the dispersion is very rapid for the usual weather conditions and the exposure decreases with distance from the vehicle exhaust systems. Thus the people exposed to the greatest levels of pollution are first of all the drivers of the motor vehicles, then those making use of two-wheeled vehicles and finally the pedestrians. 

Mini-roundabouts are often introduced at priority junctions as a traffic safety technique but have a poor record for fail-to-give-way accidents on former main road approaches. They have a poor accident record for two-wheeled vehicles. 

The major accident types are entering/circulating (55%) two-wheeled vehicles (40%) pedestrians (15%) shunts and side collision on entry (11%). 

Although the total number of accidents is similar in the after period, there appears to be some change in the types of accident occurring. There is a decrease in the proportion of two-wheeled vehicles, and an increase in rear-end-shimt accidents. 

At sites where there is a high risk to powered two-wheel vehicles it is recommended to use an add-on motorcycle protection system to post-and-rail-type safety barriers. 

The fifth part. Other Road Users, implicitly acknowledges that most of the previous discussion was focused on car drivers. But these are not the only road users that contribute to and suffer from crashes. The others, often labeled as the vulnerable road users, consist of primarily riders of powered two-wheel vehicles (mopeds and motorcycles) and pedestrians. They are considered vulnerable for an obvious reason they do not have the protective shield of the car. However the two groups are also distinctly different from each other on at least two dimensions. These include regulation motorcyclists are regulated through licensing, whereas bicyclists and pedestrians are not age motorcyclists essentially mimic the driver population in... 

Figure 5.8 Two-wheeled vehicles are at particular risk at roundabouts...

Roundabouts are sometimes converted to signal control to improve safety, but more commonly for capacity reasons. There is evidence of improvement in safety, particularly for two-wheeled vehicles. 

Powered two-wheel vehicle collisions with passively safe structures. 

As a vehicle turns a corner, the wheel on the outside of the turn must rotate faster because it travels farther, and the inside wheel must rotate slower than if the vehicle were traveling straight ahead. When the two wheels are only there to support the vehicle and not to deliver a propulsive force, this is not a problem because the wheels need not he mechanically connected. However, if they are drive wheels producing propulsive force from an engine, a way must be found to deliver torque to both wheels as they turn at different speeds, even though the input torque from the engine is supplied at a single speed. 

Barras and coworkers [160,161] built and demonstrated a prototype NQR vehicle screener to detect ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate-based bombs were the vehicle-borne IED of choice in terrorist attacks in the United Kingdom at the time the research started. In tests on two small vehicles, they determined that cross-axial RF magnetic fields (parallel to the wheel axles) gave the best penetration into the vehicle. Maximum attenuations of 14 and 20 dB were measured for the two vehicles. 

The device consists of a trailer with two wheels towed by a suitable vehicle one or both wheels are test wheels. The apparatus contains a transducer (or transducers), instrumentation, a water supply and proper dispensing system and actuation controls for the brake of the test wheel (usually one at time in case both are test wheels). The test wheel is equipped with a standard smooth or ribbed tyre according to ASTM E 524 (2008) or ASTM E 501 (2008), respectively. 

The two-wheeled number is underestimated in some ASEAN countries as many of these vehicles are not registered. Their percentage of the total vehicle fleet in the country may be even higher than is shown in the data. According to the same study from ADB (2004), it found that an additional 465,783 motorcycles were identified and unregistered in Myanmar, which almost doubled the official registered motorbike vehicle fleet. 

Figure 6.77 shows the distribution of the driver s lines of sight in two examined types of street sweeping vehicle. It can be seen that the observation of the circular brush in sweeping vehicles with a truck chassis takes up more than twice as much time as with the three-wheeled type of sweeping vehicle. This is attributable to the fact that on the conventional type of vehicle the circular brush is positioned behind the driver s cab and is observed either in the outside mirror or through the window (see Figure 6.78), On the three-wheeled vehicle the circular brish is arranged in front of the cab and can be observed easily and directly through a special...

Many factors are contributing to the fuel cell push in the automotive market. The availability of fossil fuels is limited, and due to this, an inevitable price increase will occur. In addition, legislation is becoming stricter about controlling environmental emissions in many countries all over the world. One of the new pieces of legislation that will help introduce the fuel cell automobile market in the United States is the Californian zero emission vehicle (ZEV) mandate, which requires that a certain number of vehicles be sold annually in California. Fuel cell vehicles also have the ability to be more fuel efficient than vehicles powered by other fuels. This power technology allows a new range of power use in small two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles, boats, scooters, unmanned vehicles, and other utility vehicles [30-34],... 

European Transport Safety Council. 2011. Position Paper on the Proposal for a Regulation on the Approval and Market Surveillance of Two- or Three- Wheel Vehicles and Quadricycles. Bmssels. Available at http //www.etsc.eu/documents/ETSC Position on L-category vehicles.pdf. 

Toyota Motor Corporation has also been developing zinc/bromine batteries for electric vehicles. - A concept urban transportation vehicle, called the EV-30, has been designed for use with Toyota s zinc/broinine battery and has been displayed at motor shows in Japan. This two-seater vehicle would transport people in buildings, shopping centers, small communities, and to and from train stations—a horizontal elevator concept. The front-wheel-drive system uses an AC induction motor built by Toyota Motor Corporation. The battery system is modular zinc/bromine at 106 V and 7 kWh. 

Traffic rules apply equally to operators of two- and four-wheeled vehicles and should be equally enforced. As for other motorized vehicle users, enforcement is needed to improve compliance with key safety mles like speed, drinking and driving, helmet use, proper licenses and a vehicle that meets safety standards. High-visibihty enforcement accompanied by other measures, such as communication and pubhcity has proven to have a strong deterrent effect. Speed enforcement is key to reducing the speed and associated crash risk. Automated speed enforcement has proven its effectiveness for cars, but further adjustments are needed to make it as effective for PTWs. 

LAR 05] Lardelli-Claret P., Jimenez-Moleon J.J., Luna-del-Castillo J.D. et al, Driver dependent factors and the risk of causing a collision for two wheeled motor vehicles . Injury Prevention, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 225-231,2005. 

An aerodynamic wheel cover which includes a two sided circular cover, having an outer edge and an inner edge, and a central aperture. The wheel cover may be affixed by any number of adhesives deposited on one side of said aerodynamic wheel cover adjacent the wheel cover outer edge. The present invention also discloses a method of affixing the wheel cover of the present invention to wheels, the resulting wheels and vehicles. 

---