Wheel test

The introduction of automated scanning systems was a great leap forward in the development. That way, the uncertainties of manual probe guidance were eliminated. Usually, these systems were designed for high-frequency surface tests and followed the outer profile of the surface with a probe that could be moved in several axes. A continuous 100 % scan became possible and, as a result, the documentation of the tests with stripchart recorders suggested itself. Now for the first time, wheel testing became retraceable. 

In closing let me say that the overall development of wheel-testing systems made a lot of progress in recent years, mainly due to the latest enhancements. We have already come quite close to reaching our objective of an automatic test system. 

NACE Publication ID 182, Wheel Test Method for Evaluation of Film Persistent Inhibitors for Oilfield Applications, Mater. Perform., 21, (12), 45 (1982)... 

This can include X-ray devices and drum wheel test rigs. 

Drum wheel test rigs are available to check the performance of tyres with retreads. 

Studies in mice have shown a hypericum extract to increase exploration in an unfamiliar environment, prolong sedative sleep time, and antagonize the effects of reserpine. Other antidepressant-like effects are found on the water-wheel test, and chronic administration decreased aggression in socially isolated male mice (Okpanyi and Weischer 1987). 

The Lamboume abrader is essentially the Dunlop apparatus which used to be specified in BS 903, and which uses a wheel test piece with the degree of slip being controlled by an eddy current brake. An improved Lamboume machine is now being proposed for standardization in ISO TC 45. This instrument has both the test piece and the abradant in the form of wheels (type (c) of Figure 11.4) but both are driven at different speeds to give slip. 

The Laboratory Abrasion Tester 100 (LAT 100)65 uses a wheel test piece on an abrasive disk geometry so is the type (d) of Figure 11.4. The abrasive disk is driven and the speed, contact force and the slip angle of the test piece can all be varied. What makes this apparatus so different from all the others is not only the versatility but the sophistication of the instrumentation and the computer control. This means that it can be used to obtain data as a function of several parameters and combine results to make predictions of wear for the extremely complicated service conditions of tyres. Not surprisingly, it is very expensive and unlikely to be used on a routine basis outside of tyre companies. Nevertheless, is has now been proposed for standardization in ISO TC 45. 

Wheel test Bottle containing the inhibitor and the corrosive environment, and a metal coupon is mounted on a wheel and agitated for a set period of time. An autoclave is used in place of a bottle for high pressures and temperatures. The test is useful for screening inhibitors [1,2]... 

We tested exercise capacity using a running wheel and a motorized treadmill. The running wheel tests voluntary exercise because mice can choose to run. Indeed, WT C57B1/6 mice ran about 6 km each night over 5 h. In the AB KO, exercise distance, time, and speed were all markedly lower than for WT. To test if behavioral factors played a role in wheel running, we tested forced exercise on a treadmill, and AB KO mice were also markedly impaired. In summary, AB KO mice had reduced exercise capacity by two complementary assays, likely because of blunting of the normal CO increase with exercise. 

The mix design procedure for micro-surfacing according to ASTM D 6372 (2010) requires the execution of the following tests (a) cohesion test, (b) wet track abrasion test, (c) loaded wheel test and (d) classification test, all described in ASTM D 6372 (2010). 

The loaded wheel test measures the amount of compaction and displacement characteristics of a micro-surfacing mixture under simulated rolling traffic compaction. 

The loaded wheel test is also included in the mix design method proposed by ISSA A143 (2010) and is carried out using a similar procedure described in ISSA TB-147 (1990). 

To illustrate the above, inhibitor evaluations by means of the so-called "Wheel Test [iO] fail all three quality criteria. This test has in the past been used extensively to evaluate corrosion inhibitors for use in oilfield applications. The results are always based on weight loss and are, therefore, not unique. They are not relevtmt, because as the test bottles turn on the wheel to which they are affixed, the flow regime or agitation is not defined. The results are also not predictive, because the controlling variables do in general not reflect field conditions. Disregtirding these most basic quality criteria has in the past been, tind still is, a major resison for costly failures in the field of oil tmd gtis production. 

Wheel Test Method Used for Evaluation of Film-Persistent Inhibitors for Oilfield Applications," NACE Publication ID182, Materials Performance, Vol. 21, No. 12, December 1982, p. 45. 

In the abrasives industry, the process of testing to determine the grade (q.v.) of a wheel testing machines are available for this purpose. 

The abrasion resistance of plastics can also be determined by the ASTM G 65 dry sand rubber wheel test (7), vriiich is shown schematically in Figure 2. The three-body abrasion produced by this type of test is simitar to that produced by rubbing plastic on a rigid surface with hard particles in the faying surface, but it is probably faster and easier to perform. Test times can be as short as one minute. This test can also be conduct immersed in a slurry (8) if this better simulates the system of interest. 

ASTM G 65, Test Method for Measuring Abrsion Using the Dry Sand /Rubber Wheel Test, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994. 

The wheel test is a dynamic weight-loss test, wherein a weighed coupon is immersed in the test fluid and rotated on a wheel at fixed rpm and temperature for a set period of time. This coupon is the blank or control. In a system using an identical technique, a known concentration of the inhibitor is used. This test is run simultaneously with the control. At the end of the test period, the amount of weight loss suppression afforded by the inhibitor is determined. The wheel test is a widely accepted laboratory test for two-phase systems such as crude oil. This test is very useful, but not always reliable because of the restricted volume of the solvents and the difficulty in duplicating velocity and stagnation effects in real systems. The test procedure is described in NACE Report 10182. 

A widely accepted laboratory test for two-phase systems (called the wheel test) consists of alternately wetting a corrosion specimen by the organic and water phases by rotating a bottle containing the two phases. This test is very useful, but not always rehable because of the restricted volume of the solvents and the difficulty in duplicating velocity and stagnation effects in real systems. 

Reference to Anti-freeze for Internal Clear Packer Eluidfor Annulus of "Wheel Test" Alternate Recirculating Water for... 

Wheel Test Alternate Immersion in Two Mutually Insoluble Phases... 

The wheel test, however, measures only the acmal effectiveness of the inhibitor in minimizing corrosion. Persistency (long-term effectiveness by a strongly adsorbed film in an uninhibited environment) and solubility determinations are supplementary tests used to evaluate desirable properties for the batch treatment method. 

Although the wheel test is used sometimes in persistency testing, care must be taken to minimize an increase in inhibitor concentration in the uninhibited fluids through carryover from the treated metal sample. A good review of this method and its results is given in a report of a cooperative test carried out by an NACE Task Group T-ID-2 on evaluation of film persistency. 

The wheel test attempts to simulate the time and frequency of specimen immersion in both phases of the dual system. Exposure to both phases is accomplished either by rotating or by oscillating bottles containing the fluids and metal specimen. With the coupons or electrodes at one end of the bottle, the heavier aqueous phase will cover the specimen once in every cycle. 

The wheel test requires two phases closely approximating the actual environment of interest (the actual fluids, if possible), and a clean specimen of metal in the form of coupons, Corrater electrodes or Corrosometer probes. Use of the Corrater or Corrosometer permits the use of prerusted surfaces if these are necessary in the evaluation of the inhibitor. 

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